Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion

For this appointee I am going to discuss Freuds perspective of temperament learning. Freud apply psychoanalytic theories that be based around the emotional development of the personality, w here(predicate)as Eriksons psychosocial scheme focuses more on the role of social factors in development. Personality development discharge be broken down into three strands within Freuds system the personality structure, defense lawyers mechanisms and psycho internal development.Personality can be specify as the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individuals personal style, and act upon his or her interactions with the environment. (Atkinson et al, 1992)Freud create his theories by psychoanalysing adults, mostly middle-aged women and individuals with personality problems. He utilize various methods to study his patients, such as, dream analysis which argon interpretations of individuals dreams as they are a window on the un adv ised (Davenport, 1988), giving association where the person is given a word or a phrase and encouraged to say the prime(prenominal) thing that enters their head and slips of the tongue which is when a person says both(prenominal)thing in error but these can subconsciously devise what they really mean.Freud suggests that adult personality is derived from the interaction between the likings for pleasure and how previous(predicate) desires were gratified. He believed that all piece behaviour is controlled by drives, which he relates to human instincts. Freud insisted that there are two forces feeding our instinctual urges with energy the Libido and the Death soul the Libido macrocosm a sexual energy and the Death Instinct being more of an aggressive energy.According to Freud, the adult human mind is do up of three contrastive transgresss and levels of awareness the unconscious mind, which he named the Id the preconscious mind, which he named the Superego, and the conscious mind, which he named the self-importance.The Id is at the centre of a persons real being. It is the initial part of a humans personality structure, which exists, right from birth and can be described as the most primitive instinct. This part of the personality craves satisfaction and pleasure therefore it has been coined the pleasure principle.The Ego is cognize as the second part of the personality structure. This is the part of our personality that perseveres us in touch with reality. Its aim is to protect us and it helps us to perform tasks safely therefore-coined the reality principle. The Ego controls both other move of the personality, the Id and the Superego, which help keep our lives in balance.The last part of the personality structure is the Superego. This is the part that moulds our moral philosophy and conscience. It helps prevent us from doing things, which we devote learnt and know to be morally hurt therefore this part has been coined the morality principle. T he ego ideal exists as part of the superego. Rather than telling us what we should not do, the ego ideal tells us what is good and what we should do and be bid. If the person has a strong superego they are more likely to spend a penny stronger morals than a person with a weak superego.Because the Id and the Superego are al elans conflicting against one another(prenominal), the Ego postulate to have strategies to reduce anxiety. This helps push problems away and in a way pretending the problems dont exist, a form of denial, these are known as defence mechanisms. Another defence mechanism is repression this is where the Ids impulses are blocked from reaching the conscious mind. There are a number of other defence mechanisms, including ejection where unacceptable desires or characteristics are projected on to someone else, and version this refers to the transfer of repressed desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object. (Mike Cardwell, 2000) Freuds contributions with his theories on defence mechanisms are hush being practiced nowadays and are experienced as valid and useful.According to Freud we acquire our personalities in several stages, known as psychosexual development. Freud thought that different parts of our bodies capture particularly sensitive as we larn through these different stages he called these areas erogenous zones. (Davenport, 1988)As children grow up and are experiencing the stages of psychosexual development, different parts of their bodies become more sensitive, first the mouth, thusly the anus, then the phallus, and finally the genitals. The libido seeks pleasure through these erogenous zones.The five different stages of psychosexual development are labelled asThe Oral Stage this is the first year of a babys life where the baby gains pleasure from sucking and biting. The Id exists here right from birth.The Anal Stage this is around the age of one to nigh three years where the pleasure derives from retaining and expellin g faeces. At this stage the Ego begins to develop.The Phallic Stage this is around three until six years where the esthesia is placed around the genitals. This is the where the Oedipal Complex or the Electra Complex unfolds. It is during this stage the Superego starts to develop.The latent period Period this is around seven until twelve years where the body seems to have no sensitised area. A child depart be more interested in interacting with other people but are not strongly attracted to others.The Genital Stage this is around the age of 14 to 17 years. The child becomes more aware of the opposite gender and a sexual awareness is developed.The Oedipal Conflict that occurs in the Phallic Stage involves the child experiencing feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent. The child experiences a fear that the same sex parent will find out and punish them for this, resulting in feelings of envy and the development of expurgation anxiety. Whilst all this is happening to the ch ild subconsciously, they start to become more like the same sex parent adopting their characteristics to conquer the Oedipal Conflict, (known as the Electra Complex in girls). This is known as Identification. His ideas on psychosexual development are known to be quite controversial, as they seem to be overly obsessed with sexuality. Freud developed the theory that sex was a major motivational force at a time of spectacular sexual repression. This could have caused sex to be something that was repressed in more minds (Beryard & Hayes, 1994).Freud alleges emotional disturbances that occur in adult life could be to do with poor psychosexual development. He believes that a person could be fixated at an early pleasure seeking stage of the development. This is caused if the child experiences severe problems or excessive gratification at any of the stages. The adult may display regression whereby their behaviour could become less mature and similar to behaviour displayed at the stage, which they are fixated. Freud places great importance on the roles of regression and fixation in determining personality.Freuds theories have not been without criticism, they have mostly been criticised for being unscientific. His research support seems to be rather weak as the case studies he carried out chiefly consisted of adults, mostly middle-aged women, from the same culture, so the results may be biased. The notwithstanding child Freud studied was Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, who suffered from a phobia.Freuds evidence for his explanation of how childrens personalities grow does not come from experiments or any scientifically acceptable means of data collection. It doesnt even come from observing normal children. It comes from the dreams and spoken memory of a relatively small number of people who mostly lived in Vienna, who had some personality problems. (Davenport, 1988) Another method Freud used to analysis people was hypnosis. This was another widely criticised me thod, as even Freud admitted himself can be suggestive.However, despite many criticisms Freud remains known for having the most influential impact in advance(a) psychology, especially in the areas of abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy. Today his ideas are used in everything from childcare, education, literary criticism, and psychiatry. He founded the psychoanalytic movement, which today many Neo-Freudians still actively use, although the emphasis of it is different.