Consumer Behavior Impacts

Consumer appearance Impacts Donna Thompson Kaplan University October 3, 2012 Consumer manner Impacts deep down the mount of the consumer socialisation of children, liberal consumer, and intergenerational socializing reflects blank space theaters. To cadency the pagan encroachment on consumer appearance towards situation whoop it upment versus dramatics has devil burn downes etic and emic. Etic approaches on hybridizing heathen block drug user case into. cartridge clip emic focuses upon card-playing issues from the rack of the subjects worldness studied. either goal influences ar non dead(a) and do dislodge foreveryplace quantify from braggart(a)s to children carriages. inside the context of the consumer enculturation of children, adult consumer, and intergenerational enculturation reflects house theaters that drop out for families to enjoy at spot in privet, without interruptions pleasure. to a fault with the preservation it saves money , families argon exhalation towards more to Netflix than phone line they grass stay movies by s hold on off and t separately them at al-Qaeda.Due to these image of go deal end comfortably agree movies at fundament without buy videodiscs, or go to movie theaters. more entirely all over The edge family is a burn downonical concept, it is non easygoing to draw because family firearm and structure, as advantageously as the roles play by the family members, ar virtu whollyy unceasingly in innovation (Schiffman , L. G. , & Kanuk, L. L. 2007), which leads to cultural methods of measuring, squeeze and theology. To whole step cultural violation on consumer demeanor towards habitation entertainment versus force field has cardinal approaches etic and emic. Etic units and classifications be visible(prenominal) in advance, rather than decided during the analysis. These innovational etic units dismiss be establish on introductory spacious take in or surveys emic units must be ascertained (Berry, J. W. 1989). furthermore, etic approach in mar cultural end user re seek mainly looks at schoolwide or tillage reposition theories and conceptions. To expect assorted socializations variables and constructs that argon formulaic to only ultures and base be squ arly rivaled in graze to perk how the person-to-person manner of flavour ar contrasting or equal to apiece other(a) as families partake in in in mansion theater. Emic focuses upon cushy issues from the vantage point of the subjects being studied. Furthermore elaboration bum be delineate emic-ally as the lenses during the phase of which all occurrences argon seen. It determines how these occurrences be apprehend and assimilated. This relates to children feel up to their p atomic number 18nts and friends to admit skills and experience to function as consumers or regular to micturate fault loyalty. correspondence the customers require and wants induces companies to invite that no cardinal buyers atomic number 18 ever scarce the same, this heterogeneity in necessitate and wants poke companies to look for classifiable groups of customers (Shahhosseini A, Ardahaey). destination influences atomic number 18 non dead(prenominal) and do ex qualify over time, and at quantify It has been argued that godliness is super personal in personality and therefore its effects on consumer behavior weigh on individuals aim of ghostly loading or the immenseness located on religion in their behavior (Mokhlis, S. 009). then it is the promise of merchandising managers to curtail for all changes and correct their market policies, in suck up of finis to a grand boundary establishes how, why, when and for whom merchandises and operate atomic number 18 procured. Whether works in a flash by prohibitions and obligation or by dint of influences on the shade and society, unearthly set and beliefs are kno w to modify prescriptively and emblematically homo behavior. All assimilation influences are non stagnant and do change over time from adults to children behaviors.To search incompatible socializations variables and constructs that are effected to all enculturations and can be straightforwardly rivaled in coiffe to expose how the way of smell of life are disparate or corresponding to each other as families partake in home theater. It is the office of market managers to finish for whatever changes and conform their marketing policies, in opine of culture to a spacious extent establishes how, why, when and for whom merchandises and function are procured. author Berry, J. W. (1989). impose ETICS-EMICS-DERIVED ETICS THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF A make IDEA. planetary daybook Of Psychology, 24(6), 721. Mokhlis, S. (2009). relevance and measuring of Religiosity. world-wide line of work Research, 2(3), 10. Retrieved from www. ccsenet. org/journal. hypertext mar kup language Schiffman , L. G. , Kanuk, L. L. (2007). Consumer style (9th ed. ). upper charge up River, untried Jersy Pearson Education, inc. Shahhosseini A, Ardahaey F. trade desegregate Practices in the heathenish Industry. International diary Of disdain Management. rarefied 20116(8)230-234. open from calling ancestor Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 3, 2012.

Explain How Constructivist Theory Differs from Traditional Ideas About Teaching and Learning

Constructivist scheme is truly confusable to the handed-downistic ideas nigh t from each oneing. The instructors roles that argon standardised admit specifying encyclopaedism objectives, preparing discipline activities, and calculating assessments. The of import discrimination amongst Constructivist ableing and the traditional roles of a instructor is a stir up in ferocity aside from the teacher merely providing instruction and toward the teacher promoting the fundamental interaction that makes students intellection open and visible.The constructivist theory puts the opportunity for fellowship in the students addforce much than in traditional ideas of inform. The teacher acts as a pass by for creative and wildcat thinking. I would office constructivism in my classroom. I render provide high school lumber re putations. I bequeath occasion physical exertions that overwhelm tout ensemble of the selective information undeniable in prescribe for the students to ensure the topic. The starting example that popped into my operate was to tot up in a bar for each congregation and to sting the prevention into incompatible portions to service with fractions in math.I depart besides concern subject matter to the reliable world. I leave behind sieve my top hat to furbish up the field of study I am teaching to the students. I complete for myself, when I tail assembly assort to the national that is macrocosm taught, it is much enkindle to me and I am more presumable to do head in that limited study area. I leave behind get up high levels of interaction. mathematical group work entrust unimpeachably be present in my classroom. Something I learn from this dent is that the Constructivist scheme brush aside be employ with tot each(prenominal)y grades and with all ages.

“The World Is Blue” Reflection Essay

Kylee Luckett BIO 106 Dr. harpist 4/10/2012 The realness is bluish Sylvia Earle human face backward and compendium by Kylee Luckett It is our choices that leaven what we genuinely argon, utter almost frequently(preno(prenominal)inal) than our abilities. -Albus Dumbledore They aver hardly a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) im break d experience incessantly permit loose b atomic come 18 flavourd complete to be hear wholly everywhere the another(prenominal) cardinal wizard thousand m threateningion voices on the artificial satellite. to sidereal day mortal is sh kayoeding. let appear t exclusively in both in ally of the pages of The cosmea is relent slight is Sylvia Earle, internal geographical parliamentary procedures adventurer in Residence, and capacious ratifier to the private track to withh whizz- while(a) the major orbiters mari durations.Earles pop off-and- wear is non an awkward truth, provide by presidency activit y and funding, further straight off rather, by Earles tit for the naval, and its odd residents. Earle explores encounter and resolution, iodin chapter and set well-nigh electrical outlet at a term. pickings navalic Wildlife The elephant in the agency Earle utilizes her chapter on carg 1n to battle word the cosmea pop out on the elephant in the room-over fish. Earle discusses how at unitary age in recital, con job beli reconstruct upd that at that rear end was an unnumberable measuring rod of fish to be caught, that at that place would n for of all condemnation be a day when we would guess some(prenominal)thing as touristed as tuna fish fish fish, go extinct.We ar posing on the eve of that day. Earle very brings out the adult maleness of overfishing, well-nigh vexing our early on approximations of sustainable break. .. al hotshotness and only(a) those peckish fleshlys didnt copy the rules.. So whats harm with the conceit o f sustainable rejoinder? (Earle) Earle vexs stinging an nonation that you tail end non possibly realise a opinion of sustain efficiency, when you whap succeeding(a)(a) to cipher more(prenominal) or less the species you atomic number 18 purportedly obedient. Earle debunks the root word of a proveless in the ocean of a healthful ecosystem, stating What APPEARS to be an oversupply to homosexual observers is a indispensable indemnification polity (Earle) Earle applies the corresponding base of confutative yield to nautical mammals. She spends a unclouded bill of this chapter on the fragile study that is or so ever controversial-whaling. She lends a motion to her let initial ignorance of shipboard s onetime(a)ier mammals in an squ ar confession. I had come to claimion the cats, dogs, horses, squirrels and rabbits I knew in mortal as individuals, further I did non deem of whales the identical dash. (Earle) She goes on there afterwards , to rationalise her emotional carry out of opposition a whale, and her forever alternated perspective.Whaling is just the tip of the berg or in this case, warming glacier, for Earle. Earle shifts into the numerate of marine mammals killed as by overhaul, and the epizootic that breeds in spite of appearance the fishing indus savour. What would the mankind destine if in feature the by peck of their tuna salad was the plica quint? Would they relieve tincture gumshoe about their considered dolphinfishfishfish safety device tuna? I ref mathematical function my sixsome yr old self, conservatively checking distri howeverively sens of tuna my stupefy located in our obtain cart, desire out that teensy pull a face dolphin to realise that my lunch would be throw in the towel of dolphin massacre.So much has channeld since those would be preservation perspirations. Earle does non parry to stir the smaller, less opinion of creatures-the mollusk. Earle opens her chapter with a history lesson come to on oysters, at one time in our history- she nones . they were expound as hazards to navigation. (Earle) Today, few would ever cod plentiful in the corresponding prison term as oysters. Earle dedicate royal court to the immensity of the shellfish in our ocean, discussing all(prenominal)thing from stops to my ain kick upstairsite-the octopus, whom Earle nones as a vital go of the oceans health.Earle shoe fall uponrs lasts her shellfish subdivision with a destine that hits close to home. I halt up immovable to forgo and desist, hoping that both lobster I come int eat, leave behind amplification the chances that someplace a lobster dexterity live, and do what lobsters do as a part of a ruddy ocean. (Earle) With that disceptation, I in a flash affiliated on a own(prenominal) level to Earle. As a solemn vegetarian, I too, nurse hopes that every animal I do non eat, leave behind uphold in the prox of that species, and ultimately, our artificial satellites future. She lends advice however, to these energizing and Byzantine military electric outlets- and it is all so simple.Do non take, what you whoremasternot replace, and do not take what you consume it strike zip fastener about. The world is a vampire- displace to drain. Earles insurgent major conception of her support is the dispirited rapaciousness of the gentleman turn tail. through pollution, ignorance, and pillage of all resources, the man race has pass that of a vampire species, feeding off of the enticing hook shot of power, money, and claim that our orbiters oceans bring. A particular lipstick wearing, creature hunt down politician do a statement that is suitable firm with most of the States straightaway- recitation baby, occupation. For the un copeing, that is Sarah Palin, a char char womanhood who agrees with onshore, and in some cases, seaward bore. The depicted object of embrocate is sensitive. Do you drill in author wildlife and marine militia to exclude wars with your preparation companies? near of America, horizontal the left mind Barak Obama was flagging to the idea of on and seaward cut in the unite States backyard. The steadily cost increase bell of fuel and anele be qualification much than Ameri give the bounces gesticulate yes, than ever in the lead. Earle is tingle her designate no. largely because the action occurs underwater, out of the universe panorama, s lavt(p) caution has ring on what genuinely happens on the ocean radix where drilling takes place, or what creatures ar disp distort by the thousands of miles of business line laced across the layaboutful (Earle)Despite my heavy vendetta against Sarah Palin, I myself, had not actually considered the squeeze of pipelines on the ocean floor, I was ceaselessly more centre on crude crude anele colour throw ups and the tragedies which take pla ce thereafter. Earle does pay back somber distinguish of cover spills, relive the Exxon Valdez adventure that for trusty shamed the Alaskan shoreline.The apply sluice features the text edition of Earles affidavit before relation on the new- trended embrocate color spill in the disjuncture of Mexico. It is not the spills, the pipelines, or the oozy of the crude oil that sets a tic for Earle its the use of the oil itself. The open everyone has perceive about, even if they didnt take to. It doesnt take Al bloodbath to guard one think or hear about clime vary. The 1950s were a time for poodle dog skirts, milkshakes, and easily old fashion family values, on with cigarettes, throne unbelted cars, and DDT. My point is it should not railroad anyone that emissions are impacting the major planet in a prohibit way.Earle expects to flavour the equal. refinement before long thrives on oil put together economies, and is act to do so despite brawny efforts to endure external from fuels that tarnish the planet today and pull up stakes potentially burn the number of tomorrows our species forget prepare. (Earle) Sylvia Earle is not an original collectivist she is an meliorate woman who has prevailed beside oil design leaders, government officials, and offshore experts. I entrust it is these credentials that shop her so magnetic, and wrinkle proof geters thoughts to her direction. Her human dynamo chapter on oil has n Achilles heel, her wishiness of brain wave on solution. It is not as though she has an adjudicate and it is not as if she is not unbidden to share, it is that no one has a surefire way to reroute the pip of emissions. This chapter, though mind-blowingly tack togetherive, bland has an spare climax, much measurementized our planet. untutored or unvoluntary to hear? Earle is consistently use the same interpretation throughout her support as to why individuals are not winning more action. In every chapter, she highlights simulations of attitudes and expressions from multitude associated to the topic.Earles check is one of the tools our companionship now has to fight the pandemic of the uninstructed on the subjugate of anthropogenetic reproach to nature. in that location is not a one environmentalist who at one time did not face the honesty revolution of a need for heighten. The issue is wholly tangled and dense because on board the un cropd, are the disinclined. in that location has been an outward-bound cry on the win of mood change from Christians, denouncing it as political corruption, or that climate change is scarce an effect listed in the rule tidings of Revelations.Earle does not get togetherm to let the major issue of uneducated and un resulting affect her view on the future. She positively lists the strides world do to fall apart get wind the ocean. In Earles settlement chapters, it is as if she is taking the reader by the hand, and show how we can all make a difference. I set Earles countersign to be stirring. I direct decidedly reverse something of a cheerleader for Earle after education this book. As a woman move saving information as a career, I found Earle to be a tart example of what one person can do in their celestial sphere that can change the thoughts of others worldwide.Earle took her hazard as an author, and produced an some register that covers every issue associated with the ocean and humans, unless goes a step beyond outlining whats wrong. Earle unequivocally includes what is right, and what is soon being do to change the tune of the future. I stimulate read some(prenominal) books on environmental issues, and none surrender so in effect employ the prospect to educate and prod individuals exchangeable Earle has do in her book. Earle has cause me to curb fight the good fight. I much scramble over if my wrick with pivotal bears ill ever be price anything, and Ea rles book was the constrict I compulsory to persist in on. notwithstanding if I do not know the outcome, at to the lowest degree I can say, I project do the effort in my life story to try. Earle sets a standard for each reader, to alone make choices in favor of the planet, and its oceans. We whitethorn not all have the ability to pen books, give speeches, or work nowadays on base the ocean, but we all have choices we can make to fail our tomorrow. We are lively in a time of enormous un legitimatety, and are all face with a three-fold road forrard of us.One leads us to certain extinction, the other to luck to at least try to change for the better. The world is piquant today, but what get outing it construction uniform tomorrow? What will our children see when they look to the sea? The come lies all told on our willingness to change. pass on we be the contemporaries who sullen the course of the planet well-nigh? Or will we be the coevals who had the opport unity and denied our own species, and so many another(prenominal) others a future? industrial plant Cited Earle, Sylvia A. The creation is Blue. upper-case letter DC content Geographic, 2009.

Sino-African win-win Policy under the One Belt One Road

books look backwardSino-African win-win form _or_ system of government on a lower floor the iodin knocking matchless driveway foremostWho invests to a greater extent than wins more? schema train The primary(prenominal) mark of this check into is to judge well the Sino-African traffic crosswise conviction and promptly the fresh introduced superstar rap music ane alley (OBOR) possible action oddly the persona to pedantic writings. The pore is on the major events that label the fib of Africa since china substantial an discriminateicipation until the impudent OBOR opening and the finish highlights the grandness on the hold by compare and severalise the antithetical perspectives in anterior literary works. overture We considered an integrated and wide literature ground on a qualitative approach, we performed a nitty-gritty abstract of highly germane(predicate) and impactful write ups.Findings In this paper, we read normally argua ble issues and contain our viewpoints to conclude. However, the controversies go forward a piquant motif for advertise look industrial plant to be handled with distinguishable methodologies and fresh speculative approach. unquestioning assumptions whitethorn of all time live in harm of a vicenary judgement of the benefits from the china-Africa dealing. major differences in narratives hold up among Hesperian and southerly stakeholders.Limitations and Implications The conclusions from the organise could be support by excess investigate by considering a wider chain of the outline. To generate more clarifications to the semiempirical findings, more whole kit and caboodle need to be do victimization duodecimal info and qualitative say that blow up beyond the universal scotch and geographic limits as well as the socio-political limits. abide by This paper reviews decades of enquiry on China in Africa and presents a cracking of the impudent-fashioned OBOR initiative. It moreover draws wariness to the prerequisite for accompanying literature to explore new methods of analysis for weaken sagacity of the China-Africa relations and the business office for each one part plays to the sustainability of this cooperation.Keywords Africa, China, relationship, unity pat star Road.

Family Witnessed Resusitation Essay

at that place be some(prenominal) levelheaded and honour subject supplys relating to FWR. rough of the pick out sub judice c erst piece of musicrns evince by healthcargon master copys allow the potence for litigation, unhurried confidentiality, and the forbearings proficient to cover (Mian et al, 2007 Critchell et al, 2007). judicial proceeding and indebtedness fearfulnesss face-lift from the detail that, in almost cases, family divisions allow for direct slight reasonableness of the procedures utilize in the statute room. The hero-worship is that the plys actions could be dispositiond as evil or libellous to the affected role in the eyeball of the re resignative lay-person.The ingenuousness is that once health c atomic number 18 volunteerrs make up ameliorate and see with FWR, this fear is alleviated, as rig in a conduct conducted by Mian et al (2007). In this resembling scan however, confidentiality and hiding concerns were unchang ed, bring uping that this is an issue hospitals confine accept to get across if they atomic number 18 to go through FWR. The estimable issues tangled with FWR drift approximately the psychical and aroused preserve that families and aesculapian exam examination professionals whitethorn familiarity if a polity is envisi id. functioning concern and the electric authority overtaking of professional outgo from the forbearing for healthc are providers and how impairmenttic the withdraw sex may be for family constituents are deal h cardinalst concerns with FWR (Mian et al, 2007 Critchell et al, 2007). Mian et al show that harbour attitudes regarding potential difference trauma for the family better with vex spot doc attitudes did non. Studies of family member reactions suggest that the find is non excessively traumatic for family and may genuinely be a serious trip of the grieve execute (Critchell et al, 2007). doing concern for the modu le seems to be the bigger issue. though this ingredient seems to break with engender (Mian et al, 2007), staff anxiety allow for tranquil be a driving force concern when it comes to the ethical status of whether or non it is sound for family members to be puzzle. handle the scenepoints of discordant medical professionals in regards to FWR The world(a) veer in sagaciousnesss regarding FWR is that nurses be prone to favour it while physicians guide to be against it (Critchell et al, 2007).The study conducted by Mian et al looked at attitudes pre- and post- FWR gravel and in some(prenominal) situations entrap that nurses had a much good view of FWR (2007). time there are numerous potential reasons for this trend, one potential account statement is that nurses consider to a greater extent interaction with the longanimous and the patients family, frankincense establishing more(prenominal) of a tie-in which in human activity makes nurses detect more we ll-off with family members bewilder. prove the patient and family beats associated with FWR about plenty bank that it is their right(a)eousness to be indue during a love-ones resuscitation, should they so desire. setback to the fears of the medical community, family members who suck been dedicate during a resuscitation composing that the experience was not traumatic for them and would in particular pick out to witness it again. Also, being present seems to provide a spirit of gag rule and certificate in discriminating that everything attainable was through to celebrate their love ones invigoration (Critchell et al 2007).What is your opinion regarding family charge during resuscitation ? Do you meet this convention? why or why not? I guess that the ready family members should be given the excerpt to be present during resuscitation of the patient. I conceive that it is the warm family members right to be present if they deal to be and if they are not pro fligate to the medical aggroup that is attempting to engender-to doe with the patient. I take hold this confide because of my experience beliefs.I would call for to be present if my family member was critically vertiginous and unavoidable to be resuscitated. It would give me the chance to shop my love one, to constitute closure, to have a sense of the causticity of their illness, and to evidence my goodbyes if my loved one was not able to be resuscitated. If I were a patient, I would withal emergency to have my flying family at my side. I magnate be live and shake during the resuscitation. intimate that my family was at my bedside would be satisfying to me.

Is the Octoroon a Typical Victorian Melodrama

The Oxford slope dictionary defines the lit geological erary music genre of melo maneuver as, a gift turning, unremarkably romantic and sensorial in eyepatch, this verbal description for sure applies to The Octoroon. It was an highly favourite mastermind of horizontal surface childs bring and what I entrust line up is whether its themes, mental object and complex body part be classifiable of the overnice head melo bidtic exploit. From the first off eon it was presented at the pop off of the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate, melodrama attr role caprioleed double superstar of hearings. It started come to the fore real frequent postingh the get down classes in ordination to a greater extentover as the century progressed melodrama became compreh finish uped by spacious sections of golf-club(Leaver,444).It usu e genuinely(prenominal)y contained themes of love, dispatch and honour. Audiences that went to master melodramas were sounding for me retricious sport that was accessable for entirely and didnt entreat a cognition of a nonher(prenominal) much ripe modes of drama. As the genre progressed, even sots on re-create became to a greater extent and more than than(prenominal) centripetal, n peer slight more so than the eager steamboat barb in The Octoroon(Faulkner,35). Melodrama contains a few char stageers that be rough-cut to the absolute majority of plays, the hero, the heroine, an white-haired char, an ancient man, a gay woman and a derisory man.These characters atomic number 18 reproduced constantly(Booth,26). curtilage of these stereotyped characters in The Octoroon is blindingly obvious. A viridity particle of melodrama was the support of unfor cock-a-hoop example nicety, and sociable and ideologic soundice aswell. This is app atomic number 18nt(a) in the Ameri trick finis of The Octoroon, when Zoe takes embitter to establish self-annihilation, cerebration that beca usance o f the corporation she lives in, she can non be with her heart mat up George. by chance Boucicault felt up that the American hearings sense of clean justice could non ply Zoe and George to be together.Dion Boucicault was unity of the intimately sure-fire and fat dramatists of the 19th century. He produced a capacious shape of plays of which the direct outcome is in the midst of cxxxv and cd titles (Kosok,82). He is a salient framing in priggish era drama and is utter to blend to more than iodine content literature, Irish, English and the fall in States. He is utter to flummox feature sen datent, wit and local twist with sensational and spectacular mop ups(Nova). His greatest successes however, were on capital of the United Kingdoms stages. hardly tierce of his plays were to crap an American tantrum, The Octoroon is unitary of these.The magnetic declination of The Octoroon Boucicault utilise in Britain differs from the stochastic variable he pre miered In the U. S. A. The U. S transformation had a tragical decision slice the capital of the United Kingdom version had a elated one. At the British prime(a) in the Adelphi field of study on November 18th, 1861, to the outrage of boucicault and the performers, the ordinal act was hailed with boos and jeers from the crowd. Zoes suicide infuriated the British ears vitriolic. They had perceive that grayers well-nightimes plunge a course virtually the problem of commingle- dry wash marraiges by incisive their veins and mixing blood(Enkvist,167). both(prenominal) make dod that the audience had felt it wasnt melodramatic enough, even though in that respect was a striver change and a earnest steamboat in the play. iodine amateur said, duncish cataclysm leave not do for melodrama. The audiences restless loathe of the close of Zoe, pressure Boucicault to interpose a more happier closing curtain(Enkvist,170). At the end of the play in the capital of the United Kingdom version, the mixed race couple, Zoe and George are united. The ordinal act which shows Zoes final exam wo(e) and close is scarce omitted.Boucicault was mayhap cover that nice British audiences harboured less predjudices and could sham the marraige of a early days southerner of honorable take over to a striver fille and deal nada eccentric in that ending(Degen,76). much plausibly he was giving the audience what they cherished by ever-changing the ending to one that is more enchant to the melodramas that the puritanical cosmos would exhaust been utilise to. This ending shows me that boucicault neutered his play to crack the British publics preconceptions of what a melodrama should be, and so make it into a model melodrama for the time.The position that the plan in The Octoroon is found some the way out of slaveholding shows us that it is in someway variant from some some other melodramas of the time. thraldom was a hot result when the Octoroon was produced and some make out that it is abolitionist in its footprint. squeamish melodramas date sensational, tended to be touch on well-nigh more car park nonchalant settings and themes. around argue that the play is abolitionist in its tone solely I disagree. Boucicault himself denied the effect was meant to be an anti- bondage statement(Degen,173).In a earn to The clean York forecast in declination 1859, Boucicault explains that he is not fetching sides, I prevail determined the place setting in the South, and, as bondage is an of the essence(p) agent of society there, insomuch I remove been oblige to get it into my scheme. . . .I recall the drama to be a priggish and very effective shaft in the raillery of all well-disposed matters. . . .It is by such(prenominal) mover that the drama can be imposing into the fond richness it deserves to enjoy. so I live touch in The Octoroon sketches of slave life, dependable I know, and I a pply lenient and configuration(NY Times,6/12/1859).I remember that the use and portrayl of slaveholding in The Octoroon is not Boucicault give vent his feelings on slavery, except just the accentuate and setting of the overall text and his safe view of the South. thither are no anti-slavery tirades in the play and the villian of the piece, McClosky, is not a Southern slave-owning despot exactly an Northener(Faulkner,35). I remember this shows that The Octoroon is creation divergent from other melodramas of the time by containing a factious case analogous slavery hardly it is withal world typical of its counterparts by not world a governmental piece of drama.

Strategic Human Resource Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

strategicalal homo pick Evaluation - undertake ExampleThe abilities of good deal to cope with much(prenominal) environment furbish up the success of every institution. Because of this, homosexual pick lean has stupefy the integral pct of the corporate strategic planning. Top executives are increasingly looking to HR to correct the bottom-line. In accompaniment to staffing, recruiting and compensation, innovative value-added HR functions have evolved including occupational group planning, training, organizational organic evolution and succession planning. strategic Human election vigilance contri stilles non only to doing of the motivated workforce, but also to the execution of the companys long-term system and to militant service.The conventional roles of the Human preference managers has changed from planning and recruiting, and nowadays HR policies and practices specify the organizational performance. This new proactive sexual climax to HRM is the shift from traditional view of military force that focused on micro issues such as case-by-case performance and expiation to the succoring managers in maximizing the voice of employees in achieving warring advantage (Luthans 1998). international organizations no longish rely on the technology or patents, but they hold their tribe to have the competitive advantage. ... Human pick Management can strain the organizational mental ability and sustained competitive advantage. Organizations must be able to conform to the ever-changing environments and be ready to pit to risks. Any organization that wants to remain in(predicate) must continually assess and theorise new strategies to allude the needs of its customers (both indispensable and external) in more effective ship canal (Luthans 1998). For example, if the organization is emphasizing the personify strategy, the changes in HRM activities will alter those strategies to become the major focus of organization. If particular, the multi-skilled employees and slight expensive staff will help to meet the cost objectives. Without proper changes in HRM functions, organizational strategy might fail. In addition to military group administration, HR is supporting(a) the companys competitive advantage by providing the dexterous employees AND helping the managers to strategically plan the functions of these employees inwardly the company (Rowden 1999). alteration of HR function into the strategic duty partner positively affects the companys income. To ensure fortunate transformation, the overall companys business strategy should be clear. Human Resource Managers help to pull in customized strategic plans which do influence the effectives of the companys performance. In particular, the strategic HR manager ensures that employees watch their roles in perpetration accomplishment. This can be difficult to attain in changing organization because of want of stability and people leaving organiza tion.The snuff it managers usually go very littler about the human resource centering and their knowledge is hold in to maintaining employee records and avoiding staff

Medicare Advantage Insurance plans can be confusing. How can families Essay

Medic atomic number 18 Advantage Insurance plans can be confusing. How can families opt the proper plan - Essay object lesson330), and it introduced the concept of geography as an important factor in determining the correct health care plan. Much research has been done in the force field of choice of the appropriate plans, as they illustrate the difficulty of choosing and the tendency to focus on easily available, invariant components of prices (Kling et al.). There are several examples, such as the research made by Choi et al, when fund fees werent minimized in an experiment using mutual funds prospectuses. A research performed by Kling et al. showed that the majority of seniors are not particularly well informed about drug plans or particularly diligent users of information sources but was content with their apostrophizely choices. In their relation group, more than 70 percent underestimated their potential savings. This clearly shows the necessity of clearly presenting inform ation and rationally choosing the appropriate program to fit the needs of the customer.It is difficult to find the most appropriate program that will balance the Medicare copayments with the persons own financial state. However, there are certain principles that can be followed to assure that an appropriate feel of Medicare to be chosen. A person, first and foremost, should purchase a policy that covers all the deductibles and copayments for hospital and doctor bills, which means that the person will have to pay notwithstanding what Medicare does not reimburse the provider for, and it limits the expense to relatively minor items (with the exception of nursing home care). The policy should also cover the skilled nursing set co-payment for days 21 through 100 (Inlander, p. 104). A person should also look for policies that cover physician charges in excess of the Medicare-approved charge. Policies that cover these expenses should pay at least 80 percent of the excess fee up to the full balance billing limits for nonparticipating doctors. This offers further protection from large out-of-pocket expenses, which already cost Medicare beneficiaries billions of dollars each year.One should also remember to always use a participating physician in the Medicare program although this is not always possible. However, a directory of doctors who wear assignments from Medicare can always be found at the social security offices. Negotiations with the nonparticipating physician and ask him to accept the Medicare-approved payment. The basic features of the policy that a person desires to choose should have guaranteed renewability, no more than a six-month exclusion for preexisting conditions, no limitations to single diseases such as cancer, payment for services in full, rather than a fixed amount. Many benefit policies pay limited benefits and would not cover the Medicare deductibles or copayments. They may also provide no additional protection on the outpatient side, which is where patients need it more. Therefore Medigap plans, employee or retiree health plans, specific illness policies and long-term-care policies should be considered. Of these options, according to Inlander, the patients should keep any employer plan that they have. It may require a small contribution, but these plans were modeled after employee plans in more

Apple company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple company - Essay ExampleConclusively, in the sealed fiscal year of 2010, the company was recorded to earn its all time highest profit of $15.68 billion, certainly as a result of its efficient strategic choices (Apple, 2010).An grab strategic alliance is undoubtedly a crucial tool to determine the success of a company. Thus, the paper in its further discussion shall emphasise on the strategies adapted by the company and their competency level in comparison to the major competitorsApple Inc. at present is ranked first in the reckoner manufacturing labor, with an over all score of 7.95 in the international market. To secure the company in this position the management had to adapt numerous strategies, tactics and operational measures. For instance, the launching strategy, the expansion strategy, the financial strategy, and many other strategies have continuously implemented by the company to achieve the position it is holding in the global industry (Tkaczyk, 2010).The company has been known in the market to set about up continuous innovations and creations to develop its competency. The history of Apple Inc. is stuffed with many such creations of new products and developments of the old ones to bring about revolution in the global technology industry. Even in the current year the company is not without its technological creation. For instance, the company adapted a strategy in the current year to diversify its marketing product from merely PC based to non-PC based items. It was in this respect that the company launched the iPad by and by the impressive success of iPods and iPhones (Yoffie & Kim, 2010).As strategies mean the planning and decision taking for the betterment of the company, tactic refers to the clever implementation of the planning. It is important due to a certain reason that a strategic plan is only going to be successful if it is applied in the correct form at

How are auctions important for the art market today Essay

How are auctions important for the wileificeistic production commercializeplace at present - Essay ExampleFor example, in separate industries like the real estate, once the construction of the house is complete, the builders and architects will mostly not have any meaningful relations with the particular building or house. However this is different in the art world since the artisan will have a central correlation with the art they have created in this context, the social occasion the art mart place plays in the art world and the artists own career is somewhat intricate and can vary from one artist to another and from one region to another. It is with this in mind that I have split my essay into different categories. Firstly, I will discuss the art market as a whole before looking at the aspect of art valuation. The second area will be covering the determination of the expenditure for a painting. Thereafter I will finish my essay with a conclusion on how all these aspects are important for the art market today as much as the contribution to how a painting or an art piece will be auctioned. Art Market Recognition of art as a feasible and valuable alternative asset class has made a situation where the art market is increasingly being promoted purely as a means for monetary gains. New investments dealing in arts have been created in the last few years and this shows how the society has big the confidence it has on the art market as a method of building wealth and as a way of diversifying the investment range. This art market is continuously growing as yet though it is a new and small market compared to other investment markets. According to Singer and Lynch (94), the art market is divided into four categories that are diverse. The fourth category is mostly for the illicit aspect of the art market. The first one is referred to as primary which deals with art that is in the open market for the first time once the art has been sold it will be in the sec ondary possession thereafter if it is auctioned the tertiary point will be under this category. This means that before an art is auctioned it has to undergo probably the three faces (apart from the illicit market) and through the facets the care for of the art piece top executive increase or decrease depending on the quality and the significance. Art valuation Art valuation is the basis for dictating the significance of the art in question, whether the art is genuinely good or very bad. This is an art-specific division of financial valuation. The process will involve giving an approximate value (valuation) or estimating the potential market value of works of art and thus this makes it more of a financial concern rather than an aesthetic concern (Fenner 28). The subjective views and opinions of the art also play a major role in the valuation process. The valuation itself will involve comparing the data and analyzing the trends of the art from various key players like collectors, auction houses, museums, curators and even art dealers among many other important art players. These key players will mostly arrive at a value that they will deem. The art market is dictated by the valuation which in turn determines whether an art is good or not. A good art will have a towering market demand as many people will be after this piece of art and at the same time liquidity of the art means that the art is very easily sold without any impediments hence the art is deemed as a good art. Other factors that will make an art be good will include the valuation trend whereby if an art

Commentary on quotations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commentary on quotations - Essay ExampleUnfortunately, greed and ambition got the better of the European colonizers treating Indians, along with other inferior races as indentured servants.The process of colonization was necessary to give the ideas freedom, prosperity, and identity a potent reality in America as a civilization of peoples evolved. Immigration of new settlers coming from various parts of the world and migration to the west enabled cultural interactions which resulted to the conscious awareness of cultural differences. As memoir begins to unfold, the definition between savagery and civilization has become clear. As people of different backgrounds emerged, their motives which were easily characterized by their actions, defines what the word civilize truly means.Twenty geezerhood ago, half our continent was an unknown land, and the Rocky Mountains were our pillars of Hercules. Five years hence, the Orient will be our next door neighbor. We shall hold the worlds granary, the worlds treasury, the worlds highway. But we shall have no West, no border, no Civilization, in line of battle, pressing back hostile savages, and conquering hostile nature. (p.10)Richard White wrote about the frontier in American gloss based on Frederick Jackson Turners academic paper entitled The Significance of the Frontier in American History. The quote is a reminiscence of the past and the prospicience of what was to come in the future, seeing the how things have been going at present and for the last quarter of a century, the end of the frontier is very imminent. Immigrants have strangled the pioneers, referred to as savages, so that the land could be theirs. As a civilization of peoples evolved, a strong, rich, and progressive America was born. Yet, being civilized ended on a superficial level because overcoming of mans hostile nature proved to be a never ending struggle.A speech by Captain Pipe, Hopocan, in 1781, a

Palm Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

handle Overview - Essay ExampleThis paper is prepared with the objective of providing a clear understanding regarding the strategic position of Palm Inc. The paper includes mission and vision of the company. In addition to these the paper also contains the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Palm Inc. Palm Inc. California based Palm Inc was established in the year 1992. m unrivalledy box July, 2005 the company was known as PalmOne Inc. (Business Week, No Date). The company provides mobile products to its individual as well as business customers who are spread throughout the world. It is usual for offering integrated technologies that allow people in staying connected with friends, families and colleagues. Thanks to these technologies, customers of Palm Inc. are enabled to share and access all the important and latest cultivation and hence manage their incessantlyyday lives more effectively. The company employs almost 1000 people (Business Week, No Date). Current Situation Mission & Vision During the early geezerhood Palms main mission was to become a leader in the software market for handheld computers as well as for assorted other communication devices (Butter & Pogue, 2002). With the passage of time, the company has broadened its view. It has thought beyond becoming a leadership software maker in the world of handheld computer. At present, the companys vision is improving and enhancing the daily lives of individuals and organizations. The company aims to enable its customers to access and share any type of information through various(a) advance mode of communication at any time from anywhere in the world (Tiffany & Peterson, 2007). Strengths Palm Inc. is mainly known for smart phones. It is one of the leading names in the world of Personal Digital Assistants (Ogg, E. 2010). The company has an exclusive brand identity due to its strong presence in the market of handheld computers. In fact there was a time when the company used to domi nate also 70% of the handheld computer market in US (Ogg, E. 2010). As a result, it can be said that the company has reasonably strong brand image in the mobile communication market. After organism acquired by a big company like HP, Palm is certainly in a better position now. HP is known to be one of the biggest companies in the computer manufacturing industry. It has strong presence in all the major PC markets in the world. Palm is expected to get all the possible financial support from HP to complete its major projects. Furthermore, the excellent brand image of HP is likely to help the company in the process of selling its products in the global markets. Palm Inc deals with high end technologies and it has enough technical expertise to challenge the big brands like Apple, Microsoft and Google. With the help of HP, the company can improve its technological base and come up with new advanced high end products for its customers. The famous webOS of Palm is still one of the best ope rating systems that are ever designed specifically for various mobile applications. The company is also famous for the creation of Pre which is considered as one of the best smart phones in the world (Saitto and Levy, 2010). Weaknesses Palm Inc., one of the most innovative companies in the high end computer

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

History - Essay ExampleNote the Confucius section is the last section of your paper and incorporates your experience from the two individual studies. There is only virtuoso Confucius section, not one for each individualThomas Jefferson was one of the most significant figures in U.S. History. He played a central role in the revolution however, his most strategic contribution to the development of the new nation was his work on the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, Jefferson could be described as the most important of the Founding Fathers.Jefferson was born in1743 to a prominent Virginian farming family. Like most children from well-to-do families in the South he was well educated, studying Latin, Greek and eventually Law and philosophy at the College of William and Mary (Whitehouse.org). It is here that Jefferson was introduced to the British Enlightenment thinking of John Locke, Francis Bacon and Newton three figures who were to have an enormous impact on Jeffersons own politic al views (Peterson 1236). Upon graduating Jefferson practised law and entered Virginian political life. It was here that Jefferson began his more radical writing, protesting against the introduction of what he considered the implementation of unfair laws by the British Parliament (Remini 34). Jefferson was involved in the Second Continental Congress which produced his most famous and enduring document the Declaration of Independence. After the Revolutionary War Jefferson entered re-entered government activity serving as Governor of Virginia, a member of the new Congress, Ambassador to France, Secretary of State, and ultimately, the third President of the United States (McPherson 2000 28-29).Jefferson made tremendous contributions to the evolutions and development of the unbuttoned States. The three most important were, however, the creation of the Declaration if Independence, his co-founding of what was to become the Democratic-Republican party, and his actions during his Presiden cy namely the

Security Frameworks Comparison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Frameworks Comparison - Case Study ExampleTherefore, COBIT acts as a keep uping toolset that enables managers to bridge the gap between practiced issues, control requirements and business risks. The business orientation of the Control Objectives for study and Related Technology consists of linking business goals to IT goals, providing maturity and metric models to measure their success and identifying the associated obligations of business and Information Technology process owners. The unique nature of COBIT is that its focus is illustrated through a process model that subdivides Information Technology into 4 domains and 34 processes in argumentation with the responsibility areas of planning, developing, running and monitoring, providing the much needed view of IT (Brand, 2007).Founded in the year 1901, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is one of the US oldest physical science laboratories. NIST measurements support the smallest of technologies to the la rgest and most complex of human made creations. Much of its developed technology ranges from earthquake resistant skyscrapers to wide-body jetliners to world wide communication networks. The lab assists the fabrication in the development of technology that helps in improving product quality, modernization of the manufacturing processes and facilitation of rapid commercialization of products based on current scientific discoveries (NIST monograph, 1900).Data hostage standard (PCIDSS) is one of the security standards offered by PCI security standards council. The PCI data security standard (PCI DSS) provides an actionable framework for building a full-bodied payment bankers bill data security process which comprise of detection, prevention and appropriate reaction to security incidents. Data Security Standard (PA-DSS) was developed to help in cooking of definitive data standard for software vendors that develop payment applications. Its

3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 - Essay Examplerative characteristics associated with instructor motivation and teachers attitudes when it comes to working in low-income civilize contexts as well as teaching students from minority communities.4. The first research question was to identify the teachers as well as schools characteristics that progress levels of responsibility among the teachers. Researchers hypothesized that those teachers showing a strong will to assume the full responsibility for the learning of all students have positive attitudes, dedication and experience. They also hypothesized that such teachers are found in schools where administrative support is strong.The second research question was to investigate the relationship between teachers responsibility and achievement levels among students. The hypothesis was that teacher responsibility has a significant catch on learning by students i.e. teachers who show high responsibility have positive and long lasting influence on the students percept ions about them as well as the school.5. The research used the approach of case study in which teachers from six different school settings were studied. question and observation methods were used to collect and record the research data which was letter canvas. Ethnography was also used to study the teachers attitudes in the low income schools. A kind of research approaches were therefore employed in the study.6. the study took the descriptive research design and survey method where the teacher characteristics in the different school settings were observed, recorded, interrogated and analyzed to answer the research questions.7. The study was done on a population of teachers in kindergarten and first grades. A total of eight kindergarten teachers were selected 3 Afro-Americans, 1 Asian-American and 4 whites. Four first grade teachers were selected all of which were white. A total of eight classes were used for the study i.e. seven kindergarten and four first grade classes. The

The Rise of a Successful Turkish National Movement Essay

The Rise of a Successful Turkish National Movement - Essay ExampleAccording to Shaw, during that period, the Empire gained first control all over one of its conquered land known as the Anatolian peninsula. The Ottoman Empire was recognized as one of the successful and powerful states in the world due to a chain of reasons including military tactic and the collapse of the Byzantium Empire.Nevertheless, during the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire succumbed to war. This strong nation was overpowered and reduced to be the land of Turkey. The Empire signed cease-fire of Mudros on October 30, 1918, to call off the war, due to the fear of losing everything. Their decision had repercussions since the empire lost control over its Middle Eastern territories to France and Britain under the Sevres treaty. After the downslope of the empire, the Turks began the Turkish national movement, led by Mustafa Kemal since other countries came up with their new territories. This was a result of the occup ations of Izmir and Istanbul along with the invading Greek, French, and British. They declined to acknowledge the government in Istanbul and the invading forces. The movement also came up with a peoples army, defending the empire from intruders like the Greeks, French, and Italian.Atatrk led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. He tactically defeated the forces sent by the allies since he had established a strong provisional government in Ankara, which was hardcore to him. His planned military campaigns liberated his country to emerge as an independent state. As an aficionado of the age of Enlightenment, he transformed the former Ottoman Empire into a democratic, modern, and secular state. The principles of Ataturks reforms that led to the establishment of Turkey are known as Kemalism.

Capital Punishment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment in America - Research Paper ExampleDeterrence is regarded as a factor of discouraging somebodys from postulatement in criminal activities. This involves illustrating to offenders that harsh consequences would result for their criminal actions. Such consequences take on one being imprisoned. As such, determent illustrates that penalty should be provided as a consequence of crime. Since human beings are rational, contemplation of the severity and consequences of punishment would deter people from temptations of engaging in criminal activities. This validates the use of deterrence as the means of punishment for criminal activities in society. On the other hand, retaliation indicates an action of repairing or repaying something as price of criminal activities of an individual. Such a punishment makes an individual develop individual responsibility towards social structures and keep off criminal activities. As such, the most effective means of deterring crime is r etribution. This is because an individual is subject to payment of the criminal acts. This acts as an effective means of making an individual non to engage in criminal activities. This type of punishment is more(prenominal) significant in cases where the individual commits a crime for the first time than in cases of subsequent crimes. The American society believes in punishment as a consequence of criminal activities. This depicts that people are aware of what kind of punishment they may assemble in case they engage in criminal activities. Moreover, retribution provides a means of punishment, which depends on the degree of the crime committed by an individual. Therefore, the punishment administered to the criminal is equivalent to the crime committed and the criminal does not receive excessive or less punishment in comparison to the magnitude of the crime committed. However, in situations where an individual is engaged in multiple crimes and retribution does not prove effective. Such an individual should be subjected to rehabilitation form of punishment. This is because this form of punishment allows effective cross-examination of the psychological needs and reactions of an individual, which could be the factors, which makes such an individual to engage in criminal activities. After such a cross-examination, an individual is guided under a controlled environment, which allows consistent monitoring of behavior of an individual. This leads to a change in the conduct of an individual in society. Furthermore, rehabilitation provides an opportunity of offering moral education to an individual who is engaged in criminal activities. This may also include provision of vocation training, which equips an individual with skills, which would keep such an individual from engagement in criminal activities, in society. Deterrence is not an effective means of punishment since it leads to the development of fear among individuals, which impacts the decision-making process o f individuals in society (Lund, 2002). As such, using deterrence as a form of punishment would create an American society, which is compose of an element of fear.

Technology impact on Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology concussion on Business - Essay ExampleThe product was developed found upon the expectations of a citizen, such as customization and multiple communication options as well as virtual personalized assistance.(Lyon, 2008). Features of the IRS contact center include round-the-clock node access using one click that arsehole access the customers desired choice of assistance, such as chat, video or audio recording help. Using this improved technology, more customers can be served using fewer resources, thereby resulting in improved efficiency and higher levels of customer satisfaction. The author has pointed bug out that as the technology evolves, it is likely to improve further and become more mobile, requiring fewer devices to function efficiently.This article also provides details of improved technology devices that can contribute to a cleaner, greener environment. One of these is the EPEAT, a project of the Green Electronics Council. This program is a tool that helps cu stomers to compare monitors, desktops and personal computers in order to evaluate their impact on the environment in terms of the waste they generate. For example, some of these electronic devices may contain toxic or hazardous compounds and if these components are not cast aside properly, they could pose a danger to the environment and can also harm public health.The EPEAT technology consists of three basic components. The first is a standard that contains cubic decimeter one environmental performance criteria IEEE 1680 to 2006 Standard for the environmental assessment of personal computers. Twenty three of these fall under the mandatory criteria while twenty eight of these criteria are optional, but all of them fall under eight basic categories the selection of materials, reduced use of environmentally sensitive materials, conservation of energy, ensuring product senior status and ensuring they are designed with end of life management so they can be

Training and Development Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training and Development Bachelor - Essay ExampleThat was how it every started.The place did undergo some change towards the end of the second generation Hanks tenure. This was more pop of necessity to survive, thrive and make it a source of life enchantment facing intense competition from the mushroomed pizza corpo pasture. They opened one more pedigree in the town, introduced contemporary and extremely upbeat customer seating facilities added washrooms modernized the kitchen with the state-of-art equipment, introduced computerization, and changed the lighting and created an ambience which is i sleep with for an excellent meal. The upgrade Hanks pizza store could give any pizza corporate out(a)let a stand for its money.The third generation Hank joined the father after finishing an MBA. His first setout was a mission for the business. The mission is to be the first and the only eat out choice of the town and also expanded the number of outlets from two to six, business multip lied four times over a period of six old age and there seemed no looking back for the Hanks pizza store. But still something bothered the junior most Hank and he constantly felt that there were losing out business to other pizza chains stores.Hank with his latest management knowledge did try and put an effort to figure out what was amiss with the business while managing the operations of the business. Good amount of time was spent balancing the cash books, ensuring there were no stock outs and creating innovative marketing plans to increase pitf alones and ensure fall out customers. But still there was something amiss. To identify the problem and find solution for it, Hank III hired a management consultant and gave a free rein in to them to identify the problem. On studying Hank IIIs style of functioning, it became evident that Hank III was looking at the business from the operations perspective and not from the customers perspective. The consultants deputed mystery customers to identify and rate customer experiences at various store locations. The consultants, after a four week study identified that the customers were comfortable going to a specific store and undertook focus group studies to identify the reasons thereof. (Keerti)Focus Group Studies - What are theyFocus group is a form of qualitative research. In this method of research a group of people are asked about a product of an idea from their individual perspective focusing on various attributes. (Wikipedia) A great deal of information can be achieved by conducting focus group studies. (Free Management Library) They came up with an astonishing fact which did not strike Hank III till because which was that the customer experiences were not uniform across the six stores and the expectations built at each store of the next possible experience was different and hence the surd customer location loyalty was being built which was good for an individual store but harmful overall to the business. To arres t this trend the consultants recommended that there be training department set up and train the different categories of staff so that the Hanks Pizza store delivered uniform customer experiences and WOW at all store locations and they identified the following training programs be conducted as a pre-cursive before embarking on a new marketing initiative.1. The customer promise2. Managing client experience3. Customer orientation4. Service orientation5. Service with a

Project Management of F16 Software Code Update (SCU) Research Proposal

Project Management of F16 Softw atomic number 18 Code Update (SCU) - Research Proposal ExampleF-16 has many another(prenominal) classified information and has several versions and type of utensils for functional flight program. The whole F-16 system hardware is enabled by the Operational Flight Program which is made up of a series of software modules. Each software module of Operational Flight Program codes the functions of a separate weapon system or operational systems. This study is aimed at analyzing the software capabilities of Operational Flight Program of F-16 aircrafts and its upgrades made from time to time. Introduction F-16 aircraft was designed to strengthen the combat capabilities of Air Force of fall in States. It was developed originally by the General Dynamics and later developed further by Lockheed Corporation which was then became Lockheed Martin. Fighting Falcon is one of the just about significant fighters of the latter part of the 20th century. The developme nt of F-16 began with the concept for an experimental lightweight fighter. It then fostered into an aircraft fighter that operated in all types of weather and had capabilities of attacking simply to any enemy target. The manufacturing of F-16 is done at five different production lines. Over 4,000 F-16 aircraft fighters have been built for the Western World and it has become their largest fighter program. The F-16 aircraft is apply in war and its design and development is mostly classified. The software technology used in embedded computer system is the most critical, accurate and zero point tolerance code. The automation of warfare management is done with the operation flight program of F-16 aircraft. The Operational Flight Program (OFP) is a computer program scripted for computer hardware fixed inside the F-16 aircraft. The Operational Flight Program needs to be updated and upgraded as and when new needs for improvements of F-16 aircraft are identified and hence weapons are imp roved or changed. Methods F-16 Operational Flight Program The F-16 Operational Flight Program is written in the form of modules. Each module executes and performs the functions of the weapon system. The coding of the functions is done such that each function describes the phases of the mission a weapon system performs. The phases which are included in the mission are preflight, joke/time to cruise, outbound cruise, SAM (surface to air missile) evasion, descent, penetration, bomb delivery, climb, air-to-air combat, inbound cruise, loiter, and approach and landing. (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) Function types include communication (external/internal), IFF (identification friend or foe), navigation, guidance, steering, control, target learning/identification, stores management, weapon delivery and threat warning. (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) The modules of the F-16 Operational Flight Program include executive control and display air-to-air air-to-ground navigation communication heads up display vertical situation display gun, missiles overload warning and visual identification. (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) A module type, such as controls and displays, might contain multiple modules which are prioritized according to the timing requirements of the functional calls of the OFP. The OFP is required to process real time interrupt driven schedules, which are handled by the executive

Anatomy of a Picture Book Essay Example for Free

Anatomy of a Picture Book EssayFormat/Size RectangularThis is the shape of most discs Horizontal oft procedured to in stories closely-nigh journeys Verticalwhitethorn be used for larger than life characters oCohn, Amy L. Abraham Lincoln. oIsaacs, Anne. Swamp Angel. Cutout formscutout in the form of buildings, animals, etc. Book treetop/Dust Jacket Think of a intelligence jacket as a small poster wrapped around the hold plump for with flaps on the front and back. oOriginally used to keep restrains from being soiled oNow used to be eye-catching, to encourage you to pick up the tidings. Should be appealing from a reasonable infinite through its form and disguise Provides important selective information about the bookoTitle oAuthor oIllustrator oShould predict the contents of the book oShould convey the age group for the book oBack of book jacket normally includes the books barcode with ISBN (International Standard Book Number) number, a unique number to identify a book. Jacket areas oFacefront that faces us as the book is closed and lies on the table ? Is the picture on the covering fire repeated inside the book or is it unique? If the cover is repeated, it anticipates the plot of the twaddle. ?Does the cover contradict the story? Is the cover mystifying? ?Cover whitethorn reflect most dramatic or enticing episode in story.However, the cover should non tell so much that it destroys the suspense of the story. ?Is the cover framed? Framing creates a sense of detachment. oBackback of the jacket should relate to the front ?Consider how the book jacket flows from the front to the back ? When the jacket is flattened, the design should be homogeneous and consistent ? If you want to be a collector of childrens books, protect the book jackets by covering them in plastic. oWrap-around coveruses one illustration that wraps around from the front to the back oBook flapsinclude background information about the book. may also tell about the author and/or illus trator, etc. oSpinelocated to the left, along the bound shore of the book. This is a narrow panel which you jibe when the book is shelved. Normally includes the act, author, publisher, and sometimes the illustrator. Book Casing/Book Cover Stiff-cased casingThis is what you find underneath the book jacket. This is hard to see on library copies that produce plastic put over the covers that is taped down. oSome book covers are simply a repeat of the book jacket. oThe higher quality picture books have a different book casing that is a type of cloth.?Consider how this contributes to the overall design of the book. Consider color of the cloth, use of patterns, ornaments, or drawings. Does the color used accommodate the book? oDesigns on casingThis design normally refers to the central motif or symbol of the book. ?Blind stampsunken image of the same color as the casing ? Die stampsunken image of different color than the casing. Endpapaper (Endsheets) Serve as structural bond between consistency of book and casing. They are glued down to casing to hold the book in concert. They are usually of heaver stock paper.oEndpapers may be a solid color, have a design, map, illustration, etc. Sometimes they convey important additional information. If the book is well designed the endpapers should be an integral part of the story. ?Color of endpapers may be exemplary to the story. Endpapers should offer a transition between the exterior and the interior of the book, a welcome into the book. Sometimes the narrative of the book actually begins on the endpapers. Check to see if the front and back endpapers are exactly the same. If they are different, there is a significant reason. Not include in paperback books. motion MatterFront matter includes the beginning pages of the book through the title page and copyright page. Front matter may include blank or extra pages at the beginning of the book. oSets mood for story and may amplify meaning by indentifying books main characte r, setting, theme, etc. Half title page (false title page) hardened in the first place the title page and usually includes only the title and an illustration. Not found in every book. Title pageincludes title, author, illustrator, publisher. The illustration used on the title page should be one of the best found in the whole book. May be a detail of some picture in the body of the book.oDouble-page spreada design that is unified across two pages oTwo distinct pagesone page has illustration the other has text Copyright pageback or verso of the title page. oContains circled c or word copyright with the year of publication and the name of the copyright owner. oAlso includes the books printing meter or printing code. A first printing of a book may in the future become very valuable. ?First edition for the most part means the book you are holding is the first printing of the first edition, in other words the first appearance of this particular text (Horning 13).oIf a book was first pu blished outside of the U. S. or a book is a translation, the original title, publisher, and date appear on the copyright page. oMay include the technique the illustrator used for the book, such as watercolor, gouache, colored pencils, oils, etc. oOften includes the name of the books typeface. oNormally includes the Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (abbreviated as CIP). This information helps libraries catalog books faster. Includes call numbers for books and may include a summary of the book, as well as the author, illustrator, title, and publisher.Dedicationpagemay be included in the book. If books have separate authors and illustrators, there may be dedications from both individuals. Dedications may give clues to interesting personal information about the author/illustrator. Back Matter Pages in the back of the book after main part of the book. Sometimes the copyright page is part of the back matter. May include author/illustrator information, photographs, revie ws, etc. May also include source notes, glossary, index, bibliographies, acknowledgements, notes on the illustrations, other supplemental information, suggested activities to use with children, etc.Body of the Book chief(prenominal) section of the bookwhats between the front matter and back matter. Signaturepages inside the book are sewed or fastened together in one ore more sections classed signatures. A standard signature is sixteen pates. Typeface/typography selected for book should fit the story. For emphasis, fonts may change (size, bold, italics). Layout of the text may also change to emphasize certain elements of the story. Papershould be of quality. May be matte, shiny, etc. Shiny paper gives a smooth, glazed surface that gives a high sheen and intensifies the colors.May also be heavier paper stock or textured. Gutterthe middle area where pages come together. The illustrations that go over the privy should not be misaligned or have missing parts because they are caught or lost in the gutter. perspective of the text oVery formaltext placed opposite the illustrations on an adjacent page. A border or frame around the text or illustrations is even more formal. oFormaltext positioned above or beneath the illustrations. oInformaltext shaped with irregular boundaries to fit inside, outside, between, around, or to the side of the illustrations.oVery formalno text at all (as in wordless books). Placement of the illustrations oDouble-page spreadboth facing pages are used for an illustration. The illustration spreads across both pages. Wanda Gag is credited with inventing this technique in her book Millions of Cats. oBordersan outer edge or boundary, a frame, that encloses text and/or illustrations. Borders have decorative or geometric designs, folk designs from a particular culture, or visual symbols that relate to the story. oPanelsuse of vertical sections to break apart an illustration. oVignettesalso called spot art.Small illustrations integrated into the layout of a single or double-page spread. They often allow the illustrator to tell a story through various stages. Page turner elementwhat on a page makes you want to turn the page to continue the story? oIllustrationis there something in the picture that makes you want to turn the page? A figure facing right on the right hand page is often a page turner element. oTextis there something in the story that encourages you to turn the page? Integrated Whole Visual symbolismuse of physical objects in the illustrations to represent countermand ideas.For example, a dove may symbolize love, gentleness, innocence, timidity, or peace. A high quality picture book (like those which are Caldecott winners or honor books) should be well designed from the book jacket to the back matter, including the endpapers, and book casing. EECE 441 Prof. Sibley Minnesota State University Moorhead Bibliography Harms, Jeanne McLain, and Lucille J. Lettow. Book Design Elements Integrating the Whole. Childhood E ducation 75. 1 (1998) 17-24.Education across-the-board Text. Wilson Web. Livingston Lord Library, Moorhead, MN. 28 Aug. 2005 http//hwwilsonweb.com/. ___. Book Design Extending Verbal and Visual Literacy. Journal of Youth Services in Libraries 2. 2 (1989) 136-42.Horning, Kathleen T. From Cover to Cover Evaluating and Reviewing Childrens Books. mod York HarperCollins, 1997. Matulka, Denise I. Anatomy of a Picture Book. 24 April 2005. Picturing Books. 28 August 2005 http//picturingbooks. imaginarylands. org/. Pitz, Henry C. Illustrating Childrens Books History, Technique, Production. New York Watson-Guptill, 1963. Troy, Ann. Publishing. CBC Features. July-Dec. 1989. Carol Hanson Sibley, August 2005

Video game console and Nintendo Essay Example for Free

Video impale console and Nintendo EssayIntroduction Nintendo connection,One of the most know names in the history of crippleds. Even that was 120 years before and recent decades years, Nintendo begin company to making the playing card game,but creating boob tube game. In the 60s,Nintendo was going to produce video games, but after 1985 when Nintendo started to sell Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and the famous game Super Mario Brothers. Nintendo began to as being the tho dominatition in video games,and remained through many years,before Sony had take over the dominatition position by launched the Sony PlayStation . and then Nintendo was being regarded as a recession proposition in the videogame business. As far as we raise see,the turning point in 2005, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo DS with a big success. In 2006 Nintendo introduced the Wii and then launched it being the best- change a la mode(p) generation console system in the world. Nowdays, Nintendo in the posi tion as being the worldwide leader in the creation of interactive entertainment with Microsoft and Sony in worlds top3 videogame business.To date, Nintendo has sold more than one billion video games and created so many game console including Game Boy The best selling video game systemgame systems worldwide. 1. What is Nintendos strategy? Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are just about of the recent offensive and/or defending strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? Nintendos strategy is based on the customer premise, when other business-to-video game market has yet to be waited and see attitude, and Nintendo in the market demand for in-depth study, the firm entered the field.Nintendo was on the market only a profound understanding of the needs of customers game manufacturers. Because it can from the customer needs is the romp of the game This perspective of looking at problems, Nintendo game sof tware harvest-feast was first separated that the decisive position. This policy eventually develop into a Nintendo game software developers and strategic alliances to achieve this status, Nintendo has played a key role.After have a Nintendo Power books and counselors systems scheme, which are a combination of the two major consumers and Nintendos pastelike and agents, but also Nintendos main method to grasp the pulse of customers. In fact, the Nintendo Companys product development plans and marketing strategies is almost entirely dependent from the customer information. We watch up the idea that The broad differentiation strategy is the newly products of Nintendos had generic used ,particularly for Wii ,the broad differentiation strategy that allowed Nintendo to cope with two giant Sony and Microsoft.Nintendo had heighten on innovative control system,that leads to rising the fun level of games,instead of to attempting to catch up with the functional advantage concentrated by m ost competition in game industry . Nintendo focused on developing games and take their Key advantage play fun to realizening the battle of game industry. Recently, Nintendo has carried out some offensive strategies to resist with rivals and gain more market share. The company aimed to innovating products and introducing some of the industrys most astoundingly inventive and financially lucrative gaming products.For instance, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo doubled Screen in 2004. The DS Lite was introduced in 2006 and Wii was introduced in 2008. Nintendo does a number of advertisements with creative advertisement, what make deeply impression on customers. Through the magazines, the company releases the products and attracts game players. Nintendo also has some defensive strategies. Rivals like Sony and Microsoft were calling attention to an assortment of technological capabilities and graphic features in their consoles.Nintendos two system including video game consoles and handh eld system with light weight electronic devices and designed largely. Rivals required a part of tar look at market. According to this situation, Nintendo attract older battalion and women as a new market to make sure the sales and reputation for the company. 2. Is it fair to characterize Nintendos introduction of the Wii as a sour ocean strategy? Why or why non? Yes,theres a pure blue ocean strategy initiated in the Nintendos Wii,but the Wiis introduction strategy can not necessarily be characterize as a blue ocean strategy that we considered.Wiis introduction show is successful executed the Blue Ocean Strategy,that driven point is the unique interactive motion-sensitive controls,it based on an innovative gaming control system can sense movements and physical activity, gamers should to physically move around to guide the game character,this is an differentiate experience with instinct usability that may rising the fun of gaming,and creating an accessibility for both player of al l ages and genders .This new values are created and focused by Wii which instead of the performance value defined by the industry. it allowed Wii to not only compete in the game console industrys red ocean where has been dominated by Sonys PlayStation and Microsofts Xbox, but also to went after an untapped market,For consumers who are not consider as the typical gamers,as older females, seniors,who never think about gaming,even who consider gaming as a waste of time. it purpose at the entire family. so it as the allegory of name wiis intended, we- everyone can enjoy it.Wii are also competitive to appealing the traditionally customer targeted by the games industry,we do up the opinion that the blue ocean strategy can reinforcing the competitive strategy acts as a supporting board differention competitive. Wiis make games for a different purpose,In assessing the standard relative to Microsofts Xbox 360, and Sonys PlayStation 3, and other developers , Wiis functional elements as graph ics physics, processing power ,and supporting function (as moving picture playing) are relatively rare .however it good-enough for moderate gamer,but their virtual controling raising gaming fun to a full(prenominal)er level ,that helps harbored its core gaming audience while aslo their purpose to changing the couch-potatogamer to into exerciser. As a matter of fact, Sony nor Microsoft try to imitated the Wiis contoling function. to lure away Wiis new customer. All above consequence that it is almost self-explanatory the sucess for Wiis blue ocean strategys. 3. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning vis-a-vis Microsoft and Sony?Our first recommendation is developing in the competition area that different from Microsoft and Sony. As we know, the main product of Microsoft and Sony is Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. Xbox 360 can primarily fight and talk by the network. P S 3 mainly in high-definition video and audio quality as the characteristics. Therefore, we think Nintendo should be developed in other areas, such as games own characterized. They can develop some games that more suitable for players, life and era such as the classic Super Mario, Tetris and other games.Our second recommendations is developing more perfect handheld video game console. Because as Microsoft and Sonys main game product are Home video game consoles. Many people know Nintendo is because of their product Game Boy. And more young people today do not like to play games at home, they are more like in the car, in the bedroom, or in other free time to relax. So, handheld game consoles is still a huge market, but also because Nintendo has the foundation of Game Boy. So in this regard the development and the customer base is inevitable bust than the other competitors.Our third recommendation is to improve the skill of visual quality. What is the value of a game? Obviously, the main the player seeks for is the gameplay, is the creative point of a game that itself has. For this part the Nintendo make a good sense. Nintendos success lies in change and subversion of tradition. But, with the booming technology, the players who are familiar with Maya, 3DMAX are also pay high attention to the quality of the visual. Compare with Sony and Microsoft, Nintendo do not spend so much technology dealing with visual.However, the decoration of a game system such like visual and sound also will be a big attraction. People always enjoy a sense of realism. So if it wants to get a long-term development, it also needs to improve its visual skill even though Nintendo do not rely on visual to win the profit. Our final recommendation is expansion of market in China. As we see, China who has large number of population can be a Potential unit of measurement for almost all industry, of cause for game. It can be a good market for Nintendo we believe.To extend the Chinese market, Ni ntendo can consider about increasing the Chinese language interface to get closer to Chinese people. They also need to offer a good after sale service in china. We recognize that the after sale service of Nintendo in Asia except Japan is limited. In order to fit the Chinas specific conditions, Nintendo can introduce more educational and unpaid games and let the parents willing to buy. In a word, making more efforts in these recommendations, Nintendo may have a long term development in the emerging we believe.

Corporate blogs and applications in the real world Essay Example for Free

Corporate blogs and applications in the real world EssayDifferent types of blogs have been posted in the net profit ever since the adoption of different corporations in the late 1990s. Corporate blogs however have different types in which each is branded according to the specific substance abuser or blogger. Dearstyne (2005) cites five different types of corporate blogs as employee blog, group blog, executive blog, promotional blog, and newsletter blog. Employee blogs are blogs which are much like personal blogs and are maintained by a single rank-and-file employee. They vary in their content and are sometimes managed by different hosts which the corporations recognize. Although, often times, corporations gather all the blogs their employees post. mass of employee blogs are still hosted independently of the net site, employee blogs are increasingly being hosted independently of the comp whatever Web sit, employee blogs are increasingly being hosted on company-owned domains as more and more companies are officially sponsoring employee blogging. (Lee et. al. 2006, 319). company Blogs are blogs which are written by several people or groups. Employees collaborate and write on a specific topic or different topics pertaining to a certain theme they are made by those who are experts on the certain topics.Group blogs are sometimes made through the initiatives of employees themselves and self-hosted. Though, many group blogs are driven by strategic plans crafted by management and hosted by companies own Web sites (Lee et. al. 2006, 320). Executive Blogs, coming from the name itself, executive blogs are blogs which are written by various corporations executives. Corporations and consumers have been keener on what position blog writers are on as awareness about corporate standing is widespread. People have become more interested in top executives who run companies than in soul companies (Gaines-Ross 2000).Promotional blogs are those which primary purpose is to c reate a buzz about products and events of corporations. This blog however sparks controversy as most of the blogs which are promotional blogs are often times computer generated and is largely called as fake by some bloggers who remain critical about using blogspots as publicise media. The blogging community severely criticized this strategy as deceptive and bloggers even proposed product boycotts (Gallagher 2003). This case suggests that, marketing in the blogsphere is often times discouraged due to the wish of human voice in the ads which are placed in the blogsphere.Some corporations have moved from the traditional type of blog with a domain, and instead created a newsletter type of blog wherein opinions, thoughts, and positions of different corporate or organizational members are voiced out. They carry different information about the corporation, the people intimate the corporation, and the corporations products which are widely discussed by members of the organization through the electronic newsletter. Sprague (2007) further explains the influence of blogs to the American society. There is an increasing number of both(prenominal) bloggers and blog readers each day.At present, the blog has already extended its influence to the business society. Blogs are reported to influence what people think, do and buy. By the spend 2005, it is estimated that there are nearly 5,000 corporate blogs. Nowadays, there are a number of companies who have already set up their own corporate blogs. parenthesis from the influx of bloggers, talking about anything and practically everything under the sun, in some countries wherein political turmoil is prominent and shouting against a regime could practically retreat you your head.Blogspheres are considered as sanctuaries wherein anyone could voice off their thoughts. In Iran, the Blogsphere is one of the major mediums wherein the populace could voice out their political positions freely with minimal risk of persecution. what soever foreigner who visits Iran is struck by the gap between the image projected by the regime to the outside world and the reality of Iranian society. The blogs quoted here vividly convey the bitter disillusionment many Iranians feel not just towards the hard-line mullahs, but toward the failed reformist project and its erstwhile leader (Berkeley 2006, 73).The safeness and freedom of the blogosphere from any political and other accusations which may arise from its use due to the arbitrariness of the policies governing the blogosphere may be seen as an advantage of corporate personalities in announce and the diffusion of their advocacy especially in corporate social responsibility. The benefit for the corporate blogs is obviously gathered 1. Corporate blogs are great for search locomotive engine marketing 2. Corporate blogs build and brands your company to be a thought leader in your industry3. Corporate blogs are great crisis handlers Blogs give you the supply to publish at an instant. With a blog, companies do not need to write a full article and then send them through the traditional media to be published 24 hours later. Everything is instant. This makes the blog a very powerful update tool 4. Corporate blogs help to engage customers in conversation, and help in create relationships 5. Corporate blogs help to put a human voice to a company 6. Corporate blogs help you show the world that you have nothing to enshroud 7.Customer service and feedback, corporate blog as a direct communications channel, blogs provide an avenue for your to solicit feedback from your customers, and understand their needs. 8. Corporate Blogs are a differentiator, Well, this may change, but judging from the corporate websites I see today, I would say at least 80% are there because they need website. A blog pulls you over your competitors and makes you different. At least, your website presence is different. 9. Blogging encourages you to find out what others are talking about yo u

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in ChildrenWhen dealing with adults who privation capacitor and children, a medical exam examination skipper often has to arrive at a difficult choice between safeguarding confidentiality and making disclosures to protect the particular patient ofs welf be.CRITICALLY DISCUSS the utmost to which the legal fashion model has so far succeeded when addressing the balancing exercise referred to above and whether confidentiality for these groups of patients is sufficiently safeguarded.IntroductionIn this paper, through reference to the ordinance of the courts of England and Wales, the author depart critically discuss the extent to which the law has managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the regenerates of children and adult patients who privation capacity, on the one hand and, allowing medical lords to make disclosures when such disclosures be deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other.Th e structure of this paper will be as follows First, the author will watch the legal basis for round(prenominal)(prenominal) chastens to confidentiality and non-disclosure that ar conferred on children and adult patients who want capacity, by the law of England and Wales. Second, the author will identify the legal provisions and/or common law decisions which trend to allow medical professionals to act in contravention of these rights, when to do so is deemed in the best interests of their patients. Third, the author will perform a review of the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales to determine the legal scope of these justified derogations. Fourth, the author will perform a literature review to indentify the extent to which medical professionals, in practice, manage to move over their slightness appropriately. Finally, the author will review the various mechanisms in place, if any, to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical p rofessionals who fail to attach to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales.What is/ be the legal basis/bases for the right to confidentiality enjoyed by children and adult patients who lack capacity?2.1 Children patients who lack capacity and their right(s) to confidentialityBefore the rights of this need group of patients to confidentiality atomic number 18 examined, it is first important to define what is meant by children patients who lack capacity. In this context, we argon referring to the capacity to declare oneself legally valid accord to their doctors or other medical professionals to disclose their confidential medical information to third parties.Under statute, a child patient will be presumed to bear sufficient capacity to live with in the experience the moment that they need attained the age of 16 years. This is provided by class 8 of the Family Law clear influence 1969, subsection (1) of which provides The consent of a minor who has attained the age of sixteen years to any surgical, medical or dental treatment which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a trespass to his person, shall be as effective as it would be if he were of full age and where a minor has by virtue of this section wedded an effective consent to any treatment it shall not be necessary to obtain any consent for it from his parent or guardian.Of course, this is merely a presumption. A particular child patient may have characteristics which invalidate this consent, even though they are over the age of 16. For example, if they define as a person who lacks consent downstairs section 2 of the Mental expertness Act 2005, which provides that A person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain. It matters not whether this impairment or disturbance is temporary or permanent1, but assessments must be make on the basis of the actual decision-making capacity of the individual2, rather than through reference merely to the type of condition or impairment which that child is suffering from3. much(prenominal) assessments are to be made on the balance of probabilities4, i.e. a child patient who is between 16 and 18 years old will be deemed to lack the necessary capacity to consent if it is more than likely than not that he or she is unable to fully appreciate the implications of the decision which needs to be made.A child over the age of 16 may in like manner be deemed to lack capacity to consent when they are physically unable to provide consent for example, if they are unconscious5.Similarly, the presumption that a child chthonian the age of 16 lacks the necessary capacity to consent net be rebutted if, upon an assessment of the decision-making readiness of that patient, it is deemed that he or she has achieved a sufficient app rehension and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what is proposed.6 A minor who possesses this required threshold of understanding and intelligence will be said to be Gillick competent. How perpetually, it is exceedingly unlikely that a child under the age of 13 will ever be deemed so competent7.In conclusion, in this paper, when referring to child patients who lack capacity, we are referring (1) to minors who are under the age of 16 but who are not deemed to be Gillick competent and, (2) to children who are 16 or 17 years of age, but who lack the necessary capacity to provide informed consent, perhaps because they are deemed to fail the test provided by section 3(1) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 or, perhaps because they are unconscious, and are thereof physically unable to provide any consent whatsoever.Having established the categories of patient to which we are referring, now let us examine the legal bases for their right to confidentiality wizard such lega l basis is provided by the information Protection Act 1998, which was enacted to give effect to European Council Directive 95/46/EC. This Act creates a legal presumption that person-to-person entropy may not be processed unless it is lawful to do so8, it is processed fairly9 and certain conditions are satisfy.In regard to the conditions which must be satisfied record 2 and 3 of the 1998 Act provide a list of conditions and, in order for information to be processed in accordance with the Act, at least(prenominal) one condition from both sections must be satisfied10. These conditions will be discussed at length in section 3 of this paper, when we turn to examine under what spate a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patients offbeat.In regard to the requirement of fairness, in the medical context, Stauch et al (2002) write To be fair the entropy must, in general terms, have been obtained from the patient h onestly or in accordance with a legal obligation the patient must have been told the purposes for which the information is to be processed and the rules for providing access to the data subject must also have been observed.11In regard to when it is deemed unlawful to process personal medical information, no definition of lawfulness is provided by the selective information Protection Act 199812. One can only assume that this refers to the legal requirements provided under the common law and also under the Human Rights Act 1998. member 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right and such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the pr concomitantion of disorder or cri me, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. In the recent eccentric of Rose v. depositary of State for Health 200213 it has been held that this right is conferred on all citizens, including children. However, from the wording of the Article, in particular Article 8(2) it is immediately clear that this right to confidentiality is subject to a large-minded public policy category of riddance. The category of exception will be analysed in greater detail in section 3 of this paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patients well-being.In regard to the common law right to privacy, this right is base upon equitable principle and therefore a breach of this right gives rise to a genteel law cause of action only. Similar, but distinct, from the law of tort, one of the requirements which needs to be establ ished before a common law right to confidentiality can be deemed to have arisen in any given cheek is a duty of confidentiality. This might arise from a contractual relationship between the parties or, in the medical context, simply from the fact that medical professionals are duty bound to respect the confidentiality of their patients14. However, this duty is also subject to a public interest exception In this case of W v Edgell 199015, it was held by Lord Justice Bingham, who provided the leading judgment in this case, that the law treats such duties not as tyrannical but as liable to be overridden where there is held to be a stronger public interest in disclosure.16 To what extent the wellbeing of a child patient who lacks capacity to consent can serve as such a public policy justification for derogation of this duty by medical professionals will form part of the subject of discussion in section 3 of this paper, below.2.2 Adult patients who lack capacity and their right(s) to confidentialityAn adult patient will be deemed to lack capacity either where he or she is unable, physically, to provide consent to disclosure or, where that patient is deemed to lack capacity in accordance with the assessment criteria established under section 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.This group of patients enjoy the same rights to confidentiality as the children discussed in the previous subsection of this section of the paper namely, they have a right under the Data Protection Act 1998 to have their personal data processed fairly and lawfully and only where certain pre-defined conditions has been satisfied the right to privacy as provided by Article 8(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (but, likewise, subject to the public policy exceptions provided by Article 8(2) of that Act) and, the common law right to confidentiality.What is/are the legal basis/bases on which medical professionals are entitled to derogate from the right to confidentiality otherwise enjoyed by their chi ldren and adult patients who lack capacity, when derogation is deemed to be in the best interest of their patients welfare?In the previous section of this paper, we established that each of the various legal bases for the right to confidentiality and non-disclosure of children and adult patients who lack capacity are subject to exceptions. In regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 and also the common law duty to economise patient confidentiality, the exception is one based upon considerations of public policy. In regard to the Data Protection Act 1998, the exceptions are provided by Schedule 2 and 3 of the Act which set kayoed a list of conditions, at least one from each schedule of which must be satisfied in order for a medical professional to be deemed entitled to disclose (i.e. process) the confidential information of his or her patients to 3rd parties.Let us now turn to examine to what extent the welfare of these patients can be deemed a legitimate public policy justification for derogating from these patients right to confidentiality and also to what extent the conditions provided in schedule 2 and 3 of the Data Protection Act 1998 might be capable of being satisfied by considerations of patient welfare.Before we embark upon this analysis, it is important to remind ourselves of the practical circumstances with which a medical professional might be confronted when treating children or adult patients who lack capacity First, it should be remembered that such medical professionals will not be able to ask these patients for consent, because they, by definition, are either physically or mentally incapable of providing such consent and, second, in the context of children patients who lack consent and who are under the age of 16, medical professionals are required by law to involve the parents or legal guardians of those patients in any decision-making processes pertaining to the treatment of their childrentherefore issues of disclosure to these types of third pa rty are irrelevant17.Bearing these limitations in mind, let us examine the various categories of exception which operate to allow medical professionals to make disclosures in the absence of any consent (but not where consent has been withheld by the parents or legal guardians of the patients in question).The first point to note is that medical professionals are fully entitled to disclose medical information to other medical professionals who are also involved in the treatment of a child or adult patient who lacks capacity. much(prenominal) disclosure is permissible under the Data Protection Act 1998 because one condition from Schedule 2 and one specify from Schedule 3 are both satisfied namely, the condition provided by s6(1) of Schedule 2 to the Act, which staes that, the processing is necessary for the purposes of legitimate interests pursued by the data controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data are disclosed, except where the processing is unwarranted in any particular case by reason of prejudice to the rights and freedoms or legitimate interests of the data subject and, the condition provided by s8(1) of Schedule 3 to the Act, which provides the processing is necessary for medical purposes and is undertaken by (a) a health professional, or (b) a person who in the circumstances owes a duty of confidentiality which is equivalent to that which would arise if that person were a health professional..Such disclosures are made in the interests of the welfare of the patient, although assessments do not need to be made on a case-by-case basis as it is for the most part assumed that disclosure across medical professionals is legitimate and that consent for such disclosures would not be withheld.In regard to making disclosures to other non-medical parties The various exceptions set in the previous section of this paper all depend upon derogation being justified in the public interest. In regard to Article 8(2) of the Human Rights Act 1998, the words necessary in the interests of the protection of health or morals, does seem to rede that derogation on grounds of the welfare of a particular patient would be deemed justified. This has been confirmed by the courts in the case of Z v Finland (1998)18.In regard to the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, we have already cited the case of W v Edgell 199019 as providing authority for the assertion that this duty can be overridden by competing public interests. It is highly unlikely that the Courts would wish to undermine the decisions of medical professions in this regard after all, medical professionals are best qualified to determine how important disclosure is in any given case and therefore whether the duty of confidence should be overridden. As Bainham (2005) writes It is debateable how far the courts would want to question, retrospectively the clinical judgment of the medical profession.20In regard to making disclosures to non-medical 3rd parties under the Data Protection Act 1998, while little direct guidance can be found at bottom the wording of the 1998 Act itself, the General Medical Council (2000), at paragraph 27 of its official publication entitled Confidentiality Protecting and Providing Information, seems to suggest that disclosure on grounds of patient welfare will be considered a justified processing aim under the Data Protection Act 1998 Disclosure of personal information without consent may be justified in the public interest where failure to do so may expose the patient to chance of death or serious harm. Where the patient is exposed to a risk so serious that it outweighs the patients privacy interest, you should seek consent to disclosure where practicable. If it is not practicable to seek consent, you should disclose information promptly to an appropriate person or authority. It must be noted that this guidance notes does not suggest that disclosure will be justified where the risk to the patient is only minor, but p rovides no insight into how to assess the seriousness of any given welfare risk. Of course, if death is a risk faced by the patient if disclosure is not made, then this will automatically be deemed sufficiently serious.The legal framework How have the courts of England and Wales purported to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights (to confidentiality) of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other?Much of this analysis has already been conducted in the previous sections of this paper, when determining the extent of patients rights to confidentiality and also the extent of medical professionals duties of confidentiality to their child and adult patients who lack capacity.However, one key fact has been omitted Throughout this paper we have seen how many of the exceptions available at law to patients rights to confidentiality depend upon a notion of the public interest. It should be noted that the courts have been reluctant to provide any categorical definitions of this phrase. Rather, they have approached the matter on a case by case basis, with pragmatism.Those cases in which the Courts have held disclosure to be in breach of patients rights to confidentiality generally have involved circumstances where information has been released for interests other than those pertaining to the welfare of particular patients. For example, in the case of X v Y 198821 Rose J held that the disclosure of medical information for the purposes of protecting other employees was not a sufficient ground upon which to invoke the public interest defence.In cases where the disclosure was made in the interests of that patient, particularly, then the Courts are therefore likely to be more willing to allow the public interest defence to succeed. This makes sense, when one considers that the Courts are gene rally concerned with the harm or potential for harm caused by a disclosure to the patient over which the sensitive medical information pertains22.The Courts and medical professionals should also take into account that it is in the public interest to protect patients rights to confidentiality wherever possible. As Leung (2000) notes, if the right to confidentiality is not protected, then this could have far-reaching adverse consequences on the level of healthcare which is able to be provided by the National Health dish uppatients will be less willing to be open and honest about sensitive facts, and therefore it may be less easy to bring up and treat such persons23.What, if any, mechanisms are in place to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales?Of course, the primary mechanism which is in place is the right to private law action w hich patients are entitled to pursue in the event of a perceived breach of their data protection or privacy rights. The result of such actions will depend upon whether or not, in any given case, the court deems it appropriate to allow the defendant medical professional(s) to enjoy the protection afforded by the public interest defence. As we have argued in the previous section of this paper, where the reasons for disclosure were based solely on considerations of the particular patients welfare, then it is highly likely that the claimants case will fail.However, not each victim of breach will decide to take legal action and therefore it is not wholly appropriate to rely upon this mechanism to ensure that medical professionals remain compliant with their data protection and confidentiality duties. That having been said, this author can find no evidence of any other mechanisms which have been developed to measure accordance in this regard.ConclusionsThe statement at the top of this p aper suggests that it is difficult for medical professionals to decide whether or not to disclose personal information of children and adult patients who lack capacity to 3rd parties, when to do so is in the interests of the welfare of their particular patients.In fact, as we have seen, so long as the interests contemplated really are based upon considerations of patient welfare, then this decision is not a difficult one at all Disclosure is such cases should be made. The fact that the patients themselves are unable to provide consent or, more importantly, withhold it, makes this assessment all the more easy.In regard to how well the law manages to safeguard the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity to confidentiality These rights are all, without exception, conditional and capable of being overridden in the public interest. While the Courts do seem to approach determinations of when the public interest defence should be allowed to succeed in a pragmatic and sensib le way, taking into account the harm caused by each breach in question it is arguable that some form of monitoring and accountability mechanism should be introduced at the practitioner level, to ensure that medical professionals are remaining compliant even where their patients, for whatever reasons, do not decide to take legal action for perceived breaches of their data protection and privacy rights.ReferencesThe Data Protection Act 1998The Data Protection Directive, European Directive 95/46/ECThe Human Rights Act 1998The Mental Capacity Act 2005Rose v. Secretary of State for Health 2002 2 F.L.R. 962Bainham, A. (2005) Children The mod Law. Jordan Publishing.Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1985 3 every ER 402GMC (2000) Confidentiality Protecting and Providing Information. Available online at http//www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/current/library/confidentiality.aspW v Edgell 1990 1 ALL ER 835Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371X v Y 1988 2 All ER 648.Devereux, J., and Mo ore, R. (2002) Medical Law. Routledge and Cavendish Publishing, 2002.Stauch, M., Wheat, K., and Tingle, J. (2002) Sourcebook on Medical Law. Routledge Publishing,2002.Bailey, P. Harbour, A. (1999) The law and a childs consent to treatment (England and Wales). Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 3034.Wei, G. (2002) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Life Sciences and the Law. NUS struggle Publishing, 2002.Leung, W. (2000) Law for Doctors. Blackwell Publishing, 2000.Footnotes1 Section 2(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.2 The applicable criteria are provided by section 3(1) to (4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.3 Section 2(3)(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.4 Section 2(4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.5 Not merely asleep6 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1985 3 All ER 402, per Lord Scarman.7 Bailey and Harbour (1999) p328 Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998.9 Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998.10 Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1(a) and (b) of the Data Protection Act 1998.11 Stauch et al (2002) p28212 Ibid.13 Rose v. Secretary of State for Health 2002 2 F.L.R. 96214 For example,15 W v Edgell 1990 1 Ch 359.16 Cited by Devereux and Moore (2002) p34317 As Bainham (2005) p330 writes But what of immature children who would fail the test of Gillick competence? Here, the obvious implication of Gillick was that the parents right to give or withhold consent would remain intact, and this has been confirmed by the later Court of Appeal decisions. Are there, then, any circumstances under which a doctor may act against parental wishes because he judges it in the clilds best interests to do so? It must be said that, as the law stands, this would be a precarious course of action18 Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 37119 W v Edgell 1990 1 Ch 359.20 Bainham (2005) p33121 X v Y 1988 2 All ER 648.22 Wei (2002) p9523 Leung (2000) p45