Dult learning Essay

Knowles adult learning theory is an attempt to develop adult learning in which he emphasizes that adults are mature people responsible for making sound decisions. There are certain assumptions about the design for learning by Knowles in his theory (Brookfield Stephen, 1994). First, it is assumed that adults need to know the reasons for learning something. Second, adults should learn through experience. Third, adults approach learning as a way of problem solving. Finally, adults learn best whereby the topic is of immediate value. These assumptions are important because they reflect the significance of Knowles adult learning theory. In health care organizations, Knowles theory is of paramount importance because it helps them to handle any form of health problem as a way of maintaining safety at work place. Experience and responsibility is of paramount importance and teaching adults on how to handle health issues at work place controls occurrence of health hazards. There are certain barriers to education or learning which include first, inability of adults to focus on topics. This is a major barrier because the adults have many things to attend to such as family, work and assignments. Second, weak study or critical thinking skills which do not allow the learners to concentrate in class are a major barrier. It is barrier to learning process because the tutor has to commit a lot of his or time trying to explain a simple concept to old adults (Taylor Edward, 1999). Third, unlearning old knowledge and low self-esteem is a major barrier to learning process because of old age which makes adult learners to have low esteem. Fourth, adults have very tight schedule during the day and this means that they have a challenge of time constraints and commitments. References Brookfield Stephen, 1994, Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices, Open University Press. Taylor Edward, 1999, Adult Education Philosophy Informs Practice, Adult Learning.

Parenting styles Essay

1.What are the different parenting styles used by families? Which do you think is better? Why? The three different parenting styles used by familes are authoritarian style, permissive style and democratic style. In my opinion, the better style of the three is the democratic style. Reason being, I believe kids should be disciplined and learn how to behave in a controlled environment for the future, but I also believe children should have their voices heard. I also believe that kids should make their own decisions in life because they wont have their parents their whole lives and need to learn how to live and make decisions on their own. The democratic style of parenting allows this to come into play. It is stern with the rules, but allows freedom for the children to make their own life choices, within reason. 2.What makes a person ready for parenthood? When should an individual consider entering parenthood? Who should postpone parenthood? Should everyone become a parent eventually? Do you think some people should not become parents altogether. A person who’s ready for parenthood is one who has a stable job and income. One who can support the financial and emotional needs of a child and one who is ready to take on the responsibility of a life. An individual should consider taking on the task once they have a stable income, job and can provide for the child. One should also consider becoming a parent when he/she feels it is the correct time to do so. One should postpone parenthood if they feel as if they cannot be there 100% for their child. If they cannot financially support themselves, then they should not take on the responsibilities of caring for another life, especially one who cannot care for themselves. I don’t believe everyone should become a parent eventually. If you are not the caring and nurturing type of person and would not be  content with caring for another life, I do no think it would be a good idea to have a child. Some people are just not cut out for parenthood. Becoming a parent takes a lot of sacrifice. Whether it may be holding off on climbing the ladder of success or taking personal time away, parents are always sacrificing themselves for their children. If one is not ready for that type of commitment, then they should not enter the world of parenthood.

Book Summary

The book I chose to read was â€Å"When I Say No, I Feel Guilty† by Manuel J. Smith. The first thing to stand out to me in this book was it seemed a little outdated. Even though the writing style and the examples appeared to be from a different era, I was still able to see how different points were relevant today and to me personally. This title screamed my name when I was browsing the list of choices because no matter what I am saying no to, I always feel guilty. From the first moment that we can feel and translate emotions, we have been manipulated by others. We have grown up under the sense that we should feel certain ways about particular actions. We forget to a chore when we are young, we should feel guilty. We bring a bad grade home on out report card, we should be scared of getting in trouble. Many activities are labeled either good or bad and we should portray emotions to match. As a manager, you should try to keep commands or statements neutral. A neutral statement is one that doesn’t assign the label of good or bad to a behavior so the recipient will not feel manipulated. Everyday, people try to manipulate you into doing what they want by making you feel nervous, uninformed, or blameworthy. If you let them push you around you will feel frustrated, angry or depressed. When you permit others to control your actions, you renounce your sense of personal responsibility. Smith states that the first step in fixing the situation is to know that â€Å"no one can manipulate your emotions or behavior if you don’t allow it to happen. † Also, following the Bill of Assertive Rights will help lead to non-manipulative relationships in all situations. The rights are the basis for all healthy relationships and are listed as: You have the right to judge your own behavior, thoughts and emotions, and to take the responsibility for their initiation and consequences upon yourself. You have the right to offer no reasons or excuses for justifying your behavior. You have the right to judge if you are responsible for finding solutions to other people’s problems. You have the right to change your mind. You have the right to make mistakes and be responsible for them. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t know†. You have the right to be independent of the goodwill of others before coping with them. You have the right to be illogical in making decisions. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t understand†. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t care†. The first right is the foundation of all of the remaining rights. When you become your own judge, you help to build a barrier against manipulation. Judgements should be based on your values and not external systems of what is right or wrong. People base their manipulative actions on the belief that you should live up to their rules. If you are accepting of this situation, you open yourself up to a limitless variety of manipulation. Criticism is a common tool people use to get someone to behave according to their standards. Reactions to criticism can be negative with anxiety, denial, and defensiveness. Learning to take criticism in a constructive manner helps to avoid manipulation. Verbal coping methods to help accept criticism effectively are fogging, negative assertion, and negative inquiry. Fogging is when you only agree to the truths in a statement and respond to what someone has specifically stated rather than what is implied. A negative assertion is statement that takes responsibility for something you have done wrong. It takes courage to make a negative assertion and say, I’m sorry. Last, using negative inquiry encourages the critic to reply assertively instead of manipulatively. This tactic is typically used to ask for additional information about a critique. There are also different types of relationships that fall into three categories, commercial, authority, and equality. Basic verbal skills used to minimize manipulation do not change as problems are handled throughout these different relationships. Commercial relationships are clearly defined with a contract. Since this type of relationship follows a defined structure an assertive verbal skill works most effectively. In an authority relationship there is one person in charge while the other is not. Authority based relationships emphasize finding compromises that grow on existing interpersonal dynamic. Both parties are equal in an equality relationship. This relationship is the most informal and tends to have everything open for discussion. Thoughtful open communication reassures people that you will not hinder their decision making, even if you may disagree. The main concept I took away from this book is, it’s my life and what happens in it is completely up to me! I will not cower when I face manipulation. My reactions to particular situations can pave the way for a disaster or a triumph. We must always be in touch with reality to promote our own well-being and happiness. We also have to accept the possibility that changing our mind is completely normal and healthy. Keeping the Assertive Bill of Rights in mind will help to stand up against manipulation and keep our dignity, self-respect, and control over our own behavior.

Global Team Project (of one member only) (Brazil) Essay

Global Team Project (of one member only) (Brazil) - Essay Example It is actively supporting the development the local LED firms. The government subsidises and encourages production, facilitates distribution and consumption. In addition, the government sees to it that follow-up services are provided. Secondly, there are trade barriers in Brazil contrary to the norm in the America Market. The government’s regulations are to setting up a firm in Brazil are unfavourable to foreign corporations. (CalderoÃŒ n & United Nations, 2005). Coupled with the tax guidelines, the above make the barrier for the entry of foreign companies into local production chain and the local market. Establishment of  a manufacturing arm of MoGlow in Brazil is the best strategy to enter the Brazilian market. It would be seen as less threatening to the economy of Brazil and the living standards of the people. A company in Brazil will undoubtedly create employment opportunities for the nationals. The Brazilian Government is encouraging local production of ligyhti8ng products. The readily available raw materials would justify setting up manufacturing units in the country. Moreover, MoGlow would further tap into a The Brazil customers are office goers, students, the rural population and its urban population The U.S. population also provides customers for LED lighting lamps despite easily available electricity countrywide. A hardcover cardboard cover should be used in packaging the product. The brand name MoGlow and all the product details should be clearly shown on the cover. The decrease in the cost of electricity as the result of using this product should be indicated so that customers are attracted to the MoGlow product (Liu & Luo, 2011). Lighting companies such as GE, Sharp, Osram and Phillips are major competitors in the market. The presence of these manufacturing companies makes the market quite competitive. Alongside these multinationals, there exist

Environmental ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental ethics - Essay Example r, some argue that a good way to do so would be to develop a non-anthropocentric ethical outlook that would taken into account rights of the animals and change the way people interact with nature. This paper will present how Islam can shape relationship between people and nature. By far the concept of oneness of God should be seen as an essential one in Islam. What is more important is that it is not found on theological level only, but is implemented on every other level. In other words, while Islam is a religious tradition, it also has some ideas that are relevant to the environment. It is estimated that the Quran has around 650 references to ecology (â€Å"Environmental Ethics in Islam†). However, one of the most important ones is the understanding that God is one and all environment belongs to Him. Therefore, people simply must not harm nature in any way. The most important thing about environmental ethics of Islam is that God Said in Quran: â€Å"And He has subjected to you whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth - all from Him. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought† (Qurad 45:13). It is suggested that when God created everything in the world, He left different signs in His creation that would reflect his majesty and glory. That is why a true believer should look at the environment as a collection of signs that show how great God is. With this idea in mind, it is absolutely impossible to permit any kind of harmful actions towards the nature and that would be seen as a deliberate ruining of harmony which was established by God Himself. The Quran states that all things in the world are â€Å"created in proportion and measure† (Quran 54:49). That is why if a person makes any change in the environment, for example by making an entire species extinct, than this balance is broke once and for all. What is more important is that people do not possess wisdom to restore the balance; that is why they should never perform actions that have

Strategy For Public Sector Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy For Public Sector Organization - Essay Example This paper will critically analyze how public sectors are managed and why they fail to deliver quality and efficient services despite improved management. Role of public sectors organization Public sector organization plays a vital role in national economic growth. Economic growth of a country is relatively proportion to the growth and development of industries and infrastructures. Small enterprises also depend on the large enterprises as their suppliers and consumers. Development of infrastures and large organizations require huge capital to establish and most lending institutions can readily avail such facilities to public sectors and not to private owned organizations (Haider 2010). Infrastructures such as railways, sewerage pipes, power lines among others requires a huge investments and private owners cannot invest in such facilities that have low return but public sectors can invest in such infrastructural facilities that to provide important services to the public. Infrastructu re development helps to attract private investor into a region to provide other profitable service (Mohammed? and Umar n.y, P. 473). Publically owned organization always strive to maintain balanced growth across the region and area of operation by investing in both developed and undeveloped areas thus ensuring regional balances (Haider 2010). Government owned facilities like education institutions and heath institutions are fairly distributed across the national boundaries while private organization concentrate in urban area to boost their profit and minimize operation cost. Sparsely populated areas have higher uncertainty, low number of consumers and negative factors that profit based... This article stresses that the U.K has assumed a centralized target approach in the management of public service and public sector is not spared in this new trend of management and it is clear no single measure is conclusive in providing a lucid performance target where leadership anticipates a balanced perception in weighing financial and operations assessment in delivery of services. New performance targets in the United Kingdom were tied to budgetary allocation in all sectors of the public sector where performance indicators were set based on headline targets fragmented into detailed lower level targets. This paper makes a conclusion that public organizations are crucial to economic growth in any country since they provide basic services and goods for the general public despite the economical return to the economy and the organization. These services may not be profitable to the private sectors and therefore most private owned organization avoids them. Previously most public organizations were faced with several challenges such as funding, poor management, poor services, and discriminatory cultural practices among others. In recent times most organization has changed to adopt new strategy to improve their service delivery and competitive advantages. However there is need use more management tools and conduct intensive analysis of internal and external environmental factors that affect their service delivery to ensure that their strategy are effective and improve their management since lack of proper analysis has turned out tragic rather than beneficial.

W4A 590 Whole Foods Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W4A 590 Whole Foods Case Study - Essay Example ers especially their leaders need continuous training so that they could interact in a friendly, cooperative manner, think more logically and encourage participation in decision making process. At Whole Foods, employees are empowered to make their own decision and set goals for themselves. Freibergs mentions that they need to be very friends and possess strong product knowledge because every employee has to assist the store manager in taking important decisions in various areas. An employee’s mind and judgmental skills have to be sharp because whenever a new candidate is hired, the team member has to be take part in the interview process and his say regarding the candidate’s potential is given weightage. The sales associates are required to possess strong communication skills because they are the one who deals with the customers on one to one basis and are highly responsible for communicating the image of Whole Foods. Which of the motivational practices are emphasized by Whole Foods in its management system? Tying rewards to performance? Designing enriched jobs? Providing feedback? Clarifying expectations and goals? All of these? The employees’ turnover at Whole Foods is very low as compared to other grocery stores because here the employees feel motivated and energetic towards achieving the organizational goals. Firstly, the employees are given attractions such as sound compensation and bonuses for teams that perform well. Their goals and expectations are simplified such that each employees understands that his responsibility in the decision making and new candidate’s selection. The company has clearly communicated its eight core values to its employees so that they could easily set up their goals in line with these values (Whole Foods, 2015) The demand control model entails the assumption that occupational stress occurs when the demand of job is high as compared to the decision latitude. The second model of effort reward suggests that a person is able

A Problem in the Field of Finance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Problem in the Field of Finance - Article Example The accounting professionals consider it routine when they have to tell a lie or rip anyone off from their lives’ earnings. The real estate bubble was created in order to get people to buying lots of homes and lands. In the longer run perspective, these investments were not a set of good choices and those who sold these houses were well aware of their nature but regardless of that they pushed people into the extremely dangerous endeavors. This is not the whole story because banks sold mortgages in England on floating interest rates and when rates moved up then the families have to sell everything they had to their names only in order to go bankrupt. The business professionals shamelessly argued that â€Å"it is just business† but they do not know that they have lost being human during the process of fulfilling their filthy commercial responsibilities. The traditional accounting field became plagued with the presence of irregularities to an extent where financial reports have just become irrelevant for investors and they are making their decisions based on the organizational ability to pay dividend s on a regular basis if yes then they deserve the money otherwise investors take their money to some other fruitful opportunity (Leone & Liu, 2010). The accounting’s basic and fundamental purpose of â€Å"creating interest in shareholders† is dying out with the passage of time. Finally, I argue that one should attempt to remain as human as possible due to hardships in this venture. Accounting and financial crimes are unethical in nature and therefore, they have their solution in ethics (Dann & Haddow, 2008). The accounting professionals are supposed to commit themselves to higher standards of human life in order to become good at what they do. The force of Mother Nature blessed every human with a sense of right and wrong. At the end of the day, evil succumb to good and there is a historical proof of that as well. The result of

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Discussion post - Essay Example Diabetes therapy involves non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions that include physical exertion (suitable exercises and work), functional feeding, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and use of medications (Napierała, Maik & Żukow, 2011). DSME (Diabetes self-management education) plays a significant role in the care and management of diabetes. Support through technology is associated with feedback on progress and change in behavior for example, use of text messages to serve as reminders to monitor blood glucose (Prescott & Boggs, 2014). Inclusion criteria of selecting the sample for the research are correct because it describes the specific individuals included in a research (Holloway & Wheeler, 2013). The quasi-experimental design is appropriate for the research because it involves participants of an intact group that is separated into two groups, which are given two different interventions. Literature review assists in the development of research questions (Brown, 2014). I agree with Liya Varghese on the discussion about the prevalence of developing a surgical site infection in a period of 30 days after a surgical process. During a surgical procedure, a patient’s skin is prepared by applying antiseptic in circles starting with the area of the incision. The most common agents used for surgical processes include chlorhexidine gluconate, iodophors, and alcohol substances (Gangi, Guth & Guermazi, 2009). Purposeful sampling used in the research is guided by the motivation of the investigation but not statistical calculations. The quasi-experimental design is appropriate because it includes a comparison and a control group in a research. The literature review will help to relate how the current research connects to other investigations (Jackson, 2015). nursing, sport, tourism, recreation and protection of human health =: Wybrane problemy

Comment on how Baz Luhrmann uses video Essay Example for Free

Comment on how Baz Luhrmann uses video Essay Romeo and Juliet, is a play written by William Shakespeare in the late sixteenth century in fair Verona. This is an ultimate love story between the only children of two powerful enemies , both alike in dignity These two households bear an ancient grudge. Within this hate Romeo and Juliets love cannot survive, and they are driven by this hate to death. From this 1595 classic play, Baz Luhrmann got the job of wielding it in to a twentieth centaury blockbuster. He did this by using many different techniques, and even though he keeps the original dialogue, he changes many classic features of the play to give this modern feel to it. Such as horses to cars, Swords to guns and villages to cities are several examples. As the film starts, the opening shot is of a modern day television. It is shown speaking as a newsreader, speaking as a chorus would on stage, giving background knowledge to the audience watching. This television reflects Luhrmanns modern setting, showing how the film will be set, rather than the one in which the written play was set. The TV represents the media, as our main source of information. Just as the chorus would be, stood on stage, addressing the audience, giving them required information. The headline upon the TV reads , Star-crossed lovers, and above a picture of a ring split in two, showing both the themes of love and hate. How the pair had love enough to marry, though within their families there was hate enough to drive the couple to take their lives. Their love was doomed to die, the ring shows how they could not be together as reflected in one of the chorus lines , death marked love. One extremely short though effective camera shot, zooms down the middle of a main street, with many high raised buildings, until focusing upon a large statue of Christ. Showing that religion will play some part within the play/film. Here loud dramatic music kicks in. This music tells us that the play is going to be very powerful and dramatic. The choruss first line appears white upon black, in fair Verona. White and black are usually associated with good and bad. Showing two main features of the film. Again the image of Christs face appears, a close up camera shot, recoiling to show two large skyscrapers dominating the skyline. Each bearing separate names, Montague and Capulet, showing the large gap between them, they are different. The sheer size of the buildings tells us they are wealthy families, but separate. The statue of Christ is stood in the middle, showing again the religious society in which the film is set. Still with the dramatic music playing building up aura, images of police vehicles- cars and helicopters burn across the screen. Quick images. Images of conflict, linking the families with violence and ultimately the law. The music quietens, though still strong and menacing, as a voice over man speaks the same lines as already spoken by the chorus. Now the images are shown slower, two households both alike in dignity showing the two families, again separated by Jesus, sour looks upon the heads faces; hate and malcontent, though smiles upon the childrens; happy, contented faces, with no worries. Leading on to images of flames, representing hell, hatred and death. Headlines of newspapers flash upon the screen, linking again with the theme of the media and the modern setting. Showing there must be public interest in the growing feud between the two families, and again highlighting the conflict between the two families. Extremely short images are shown of police helping civilians escape the troubles caused by this abhorrence between the Montagues and the Capulets. The music had died down up until the point of take their life, where it picks up again adding atmosphere and letting the audience know there is great tragedy within the film. Another modern technique is then used. Just as characters on television programs are introduced or how western wanted posters are displayed, some of the main characters are initiated. These images build great suspense though shows a building power within the play/film. Two important images from later on in the film flash upon the screen, though they are very insignificant at this point, just adding suspense and wonder at this early stage. The music reaches a peek as the now familiar words of the prologue flash upon the screen. The words white on black, suspense, power, the words showing love, lust, hatred and tragedy. Followed by random images shooting across the screen, fireworks, choir boys singing in a loud wild fashion. Guns, characters, light and dark images showing good and evil. Loud bangs of gunshots, police helicopters, blood, raging images demonstrating excitement and apprehension to the audience. Now with the music at a climax, the words in bold print of Romeo + Juliet linger upon the screen. The + in blood red symbolising bloodshed and conflict, it is also shaped like a cross, to continue the religious theme of the film. The words are white upon black, illustrating good and evil. Here the music changes and a bouncier, more funky, modern tune kicks in as the boys come on to the screen. These three wear brightly coloured shirts- reds and lime greens, indicating good and to me fun. Though with the first line spoken you realise the Montague boys hate the Capulets. The boys are presented whizzing down a highway in an expensive looking yellow convertible, again suggesting warmth and fun. They are cool, with open shirts, brightly coloured hair, shades on heads and tattoos over their bodies. They are excitable, casual and looking at them they would not pose any threat. The car has a personalised number plate, Mon-005, Verona beach again showing wealth. The camera shot is at the front of the car as it comes in to the gas station, here there is a sound of screeching tyres, the piping of horns and basically excitable boyish behaviour. Benvolio- Romeos cousin does not come across as uncompromising, he tries to detach himself from the quarrel between the two families masters. Where as the other two Montague boys are very eager and want to be involved this is sown in their faces as a face close up is shown. Here Benvolio turns and another facial close up is shown, his face twisted almost looking in disgust as he turns and walks away. Here the camera turns moving across to another pump as an expensive looking blue car pulls calmly in to the station. Blue suggesting coldness and the slow speed suggests that the driver is not excitable like the Montague boys but serious. The music suddenly changes from hip to a western style tune as another personalised number plate is shown Cap-005, Verona beach. The camera is swung around with a whooping sound and rests upon a close up of the bottom of the car door opening and a pair of western style cowboy boots stepping from the car. Here the frame freezes on the boot touching the ground, Cooley and calmly and in this freeze frame he displays the words The Capulet boys with western style music playing to continue the western style theme. The boots walk away through a door the sound of spurs following, tension building as the camera shot moves again from the western boots to shoes and tights and the giggling of little girls over the western music. Leading back to more dark cowboy boots with spurs. The shoes belong to a Nun with a class of children and each side of their people carries resides a car of each of the two families. The two families torment the nun and her party in a very cocky sort of manor, exceptionally intimidating. So as the nun and her party speeds away to escape further torment, the two families are revealed to each other for the first time. The fun and idiocy of the Montagues turns to fear, as Abra-Capulet is revealed. Here another facial close-up is shown. Abra wears dark menacing colours (oranges, blacks and reds- colours associated with hell. ) He has a goatee beard an earring and a silver chain with cross hanging around his neck. He has the look of a typical gunslinger, someone who could be extremely dangerous. The music is now changed, as a more electric tune plays more menacing and threatening than before, highlighting the danger of this man. Fear is shown in the Montagues faces, shocked by the appearance of a known enemy. This man alarms them and with this abrupt entrance one of the boys makes a quick movement to reveal the butt of his pistol. A fast frightened movement, followed by the facial shot of a frightened face and the sound of a reluctant gasp, signifying the fear and tension between the two families. Here there is a shot of the face of Abra moving down his body and showing the slow movements of his hands to reveal the butt of his own pistol, engraved with the word Capulet, just as the Montagues gun was engraved with the word Montague, reflecting wealth yet again. The movements are menacingly slow, so calm and cool. Then suddenly a loud hissing sound like a serpent as Abra snarls revealing the word sin engraved on a silver plaque on his teeth. The camera is at a straight close up angle. The shot is both threatening and frightening. Here all the sounds stop as the Montagues sink back in to the car relieved that no harm has come to them. Though the Capulets are amused by the impression they have made upon the Montagues and laugh profusely showing they do not feel threatened at all by their presence but take them more as a joke than any thing else. The Montagues took this wind up a little too lightly and decide to make a second move. Here one of the Montagues bites their thumb at the Capulets. This is shown as a close up with a silly sound coming from the mouth of the offending Montague. Now there is anger and hate starting to show as the montages reverse the car, with the noise of screeching tyres, and the sound of a quick furious sounding, loud blast of music showing anger. The caplets sling loud though slow angry words at the Montages who return fast frightened words trying to calm the situation. Though as the camera shot goes to the toilet door, the quick shocking music picks up again and Benvolio appears-an image of a peace maker leading to a close up of Benvolios gun with a change back to western music. Here with gun drawn, a close up of Benvolios apprehensive face fills the screen and silence falls. Here only the sound of an old creaky sign is heard blowing in the wind, un-nerving Benvolio further and continuing the western theme. The camera swizzles around to an image of a close up cigar being lit and a match being dropped to the ground by Tybalt-the prince of cats. Juliets cousin Landing close to his feet, though still burning. The music playing slowly and quietly, adding tension and atmosphere. Now there is a major close up of tybalts face. He has the look of the devil, slick black hair with tiny matching beard. He has pointed teeth that only a close up would enable us to see properly. He wears the colours of the devil, Reds and blacks showing hate, fire, torment and death. Also his face shows no fear, no feelings but pure untamed hate. He is just so slick and calm and as he speaks, there is a close up on his eyes. These ooze confidence and hold great hate and rage towards the Montagues. The camera then focuses on Benvolios eyes, which are the complete opposite to Tybalts. His eyes show a great fear of the other man, apprehension. All adding tension to the opening scene. On a half of body shot, Benvolio is seen putting away his sword (which in this 1997 film s actually a gun,) and in an effort tries to avoid conflict by stating I do only to keep the peace put up my sword. His voice shaky in the eerie silence. Then another facial close up on Tybalt, as he says, Peace, peace, I hate the word. As I hate hell. All Montagues. And thee. With no quivers only confidence and raw hate. The burning match is finally stamped out with the sound of the metal healed boots grinding at the concrete ground. This long gap between lighting the match and putting it out shows a great danger. This man means something; he alone stands for power and danger. Now a small boy, symbolising innocent bystanders at the market place, interrupts the silence. The boy just playing, shouting bang, bang triggering the attack. Tybalt draws, the music screeching. The shot looking up the barrel of tybalts gun as the word bang is said again. Showing he is willing to harm fellow citizens if need be. Now there is a range of many different camera shots, with electric music playing in the background. Tybalt does a lot of flamenco style movements, flowing, professional movements, as though he was fluent and skilled in the art. Very dramatic and serious movements, with no fear of being harmed. The Montagues begin to try to fight back, though not really succeeding. They are frightened; you can see it in their eyes. Tybalt moves almost fashionably, where as the Montagues dont really know what to do. They shoot, showing no passion or drive. Unlike Tybalt who shows both. Tybalt is calling the shots, and in a swift movement he throws down his coat and fits an aiming device. Kissing his gun with a loving passion. People are running, frightened. The Montagues flee, leaving Benvolio and Tybalt in the petrol station. Music still flaring giving added depth to the scene, petrol covering the ground. Tybalt zooms on to one of the fleeing Montagues, taking the shot, and injuring him. The camera looking down the guns barrel as the shot is fired, pointing into Tybalts eyes. With a flickering smile he drops the cigar from his mouth, landing in a pool of petrol and igniting it immediately, which during the whole scene showed how contented he was with conflict. Here Benvolio flees with Tybalt in pursuit. The flames escalate, symbolising the devastation to come. The flames show hate and anger. Every body around is affected by the fighting as symbolised by the flames. Affecting peoples livelihoods, every body is effected by these civil brawls. There is very dramatic music playing now, escalating the feeling of hate and friction between the two families. A poster is shown burning, once stating Montagues and Capulets 2nd civil brawl. This shows that it is over; hate has ended that, and born a third brawl, more powerful than the previous ones. A sign is also shown burning, Add more fuel to your fire. Showing that the public are affected, and that hate is the road to all evils, symbolising the devil and hell. The camera follows the flames upwards showing things will get worse, still with the music blasting. It moves up and through the smoke screen, the two houses can be seen dominating the skyline, with the image of Jesus between them. Still looking extravagant and wealthy after the brawl. Nothings really changed. The fire is burning as strong as their hate, causing public panic and confusion. Now short images are shown of police helicopters and vehicles flying between and around the towers and statue. The music still blearing. Shots are shown from alternate angles showing news reporters reporting the third civil brawl, again linking with the media. Ted Montague (the father-head of the house) rushes to the scene in his limo with registration plate being Montague, Verona beach. Again representing wealth and power. Once more fast flickering shots are shown of the fleeing public, panic stricken, confused. Police swarming to the scene in different kinds of vehicles now, and here with the music breaching a climax the shots slow down and return to facial close-ups. Tybalt and Benvolio are screaming at each other hate in their eyes, with no more fear left in Benvolios body only hate. Cars spread upon the road, utter havoc breached by the two feuding enemies. Guns are pointed at the couple from air and ground. They have no choice but to both walk forward and admit defeat, dropping their weapons to the ground. There is no music now just a loud boom as the weapons fall. Adrenalin at an ultimate climax for anybody watching. The range of shots along with the series of different sounds and music create an unforgettable opening, showing many of the different themes and aspects of the play/film to anybody watching.

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay Terrorism is not a new concept, and despite it was used very often over the past decade, it remains one of the most difficult issues to define. Its ambiguity comes from the different connotations that the term has gained over history. James D. Kiras points out that, although the definitions of terrorism vary widely, the all come from a common point: terrorism is a tactic characterized basically by the use of violence and the spread of fear; it can take many forms and often indiscriminately targets non-combatants. The starting points for the most disagreements about terrorism are the purposes for which violence is used, and its root causes (Kiras 2008: 372). According to Professor Adam Roberts, the term terrorism historically entered into European languages during the French revolution of 1789, when violence was used by the governments in Paris to impose their new order on a reluctant citizenry. Therefore, as recorded by the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, the first meaning of the word terr orism was system of rule of terror (Roberts 2002). However, over the last decades the term terrorism has been used to define the recourse to violence by small groups to achieve political change. This has included ideological, ethnic, and religious exclusion or persecution (Kiras 2008). Terrorism has changed over time, and after 9/11 events, specialists in sociology, policy makers, scholars and the mass media have been widely using the term new terrorism. Therefore, David Tucker states that: This terrorism is reputedly distinguished from the old by a new structure, a new kind of personnel, and a new attitude toward violence. (Tucker 2001: 1). Furthermore, according to Professor Martha Crenshaw, in order to analyse the differences between old and new terrorism, three key aspects should be debated: goals, methods, and organization. Therefore, the new terrorism can be justified on a religious background, and the new terrorist groups considered having ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake. On the other side, the old terrorism is more comprehensible, limited and more specific, with its roots in political ideology (Crenshaw 2005). The old terrorism was regarded as being a political weapon, designed to produce chaos with the strategic purpose of, either to maintain a regime, or to create the conditions for a new one. Michael Stohls study shows that the violence of the terrorist acts is not intended simply to destroy but to be heard, and therefore terror is a message of strength, a warning designed to intimidate, to ensure compliance without the need to physically touch citizen [] the mor e extensive is the message, the more successful is the act. (Stohl 1988: 5). Stohl points out that the old terrorist groups chose their victims and targets with care, in order to achieve maximum chance of success, even if that often meant to target non-combatants or mass innocent victims. An example of terrorist act which has had an important impact on the history was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand by a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student, Gavril Princip, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 (Roberts 2002). Another purpose was to create or enforce obedience, either of the population at large or within the ruling party, in order to ensure greater future reluctance to assist the opposing side and greater obedience to the wishes of the insurgent cause or the security forces. This type of terror was put into effect during the revolutionary movements and in revolutionary regimes to create obedience within the ruling elites, to demonstrate their vulnerability and weakness, and f orce policy change. This occurred during the French revolution in 1789 and in Peru, when Sendero Luminoso secular organisation sought to destroy the existing social and political order in order to create a Maoist regime (Stohl 1988). The new terrorism, although is not so new, has changed its purposes over the decades. According to Martha Crenshaw, the new terrorists religious point of view is related to the pursuit of mass casualties. Because their goals are religious, the new terrorists seek to kill as many people as possible (Crenshaw 2006). Very often associated with Islamic terrorists, nowadays the terrorist groups have widely developed in the fields of transport, communications and weaponry, due to the massive process of globalization. Therefore, they produce greater violence and climate of fear, in easier ways and with a lower level of risk. In the present, the most debated and feared terrorist network is the Islamic organization Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden. According to Global Security, it was  established around 1988 by bin Laden. In 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a statement under banner of The World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill US citi zens-civilian or military-and their allies everywhere. In consequence, on 9/11, 2001 a series of suicide attackers, members of Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, two of them crashing into the  World Trade Centre  in New York City, the third one into the  Pentagon, and the fourth plane, crashing into a field, after being redirected to Washington D.C. (Global Security 2006). Therefore, if the old terrorism could be resembled more with a form of guerrilla warfare, the new terrorism, become global war, representing a much greater danger. Moreover, in order to analyse the different methods used by the old and new terrorists, Martha Crenshaw divides them in two different categories: secular terrorists and jihad terrorists. In the secular terrorism case the violence is said to be carefully calibrated, going just far enough to achieve their objectives. While they could have killed more people, they stick to their political objectives and chose not to, because indiscriminate killing would not produce success. Therefore, Brian  Jenkins states that: terrorists seem to be more interested in having a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead (Jenkins 1988). Although the number of their attacks achieved a great number, no attack in the preceding years was as destructive as the catastrophe of 9/11. Still there were a number of incidents that produced well over a hundred casualties, as the midair bombing of Pan Am 103, attributed to Libyan agents, or Air India, attributed to Sikh extremists who wanted an independent Pun jab. In Crenshaws opinion the jihad terrorists are lead by religion to seek mass causalities. Their attacks are more lethal and they have strategic targets. After the attacks in the United States, a series of other bombing occurred in Bali, Madrid and London, spreading fear not only on the American continent, but all over the world (Crenshaw 2006). Among examples of the new terrorism, Aum Shinrikyos attack on the Tokyo subway is the only example of use of chemical weapons (Crenshaw 2003). On the other hand, the organization is widely different between old and new terrorism. As stated by Crewnshaw the new terrorists are often described as a network rather than an organization. By contrast, the old terrorists organization is thought to have been hierarchical and centralized. The new terrorism is said to be horizontal and flat, whereas the old terrorism is vertical and pyramidal. The West German terrorists of the 70s and 80s were not tightly structured as they appear to be. They were composed of small different groups with shifting political objectives. Neither did the anarchists in the 19th century, who were certainly not a centralised organisation (Crenshaw 2006). Moreover, jihad terrorism appears to be more organizes that any other terrorist network. According to Kenneth Katzmans study, Al-Qaeda is a very well structured organisation. Also it collaborates with a range number of other terrorist groups. These are either in partnership with Al Qaeda or on their own, atte mpting to destabilize established regimes in the region. These include the Islamic Army of Aden (Yemen) and Hizb-e-Islam/Gulbuddin) (Katzman 2005). Moreover, another crucial difference between old and new terrorism is the massive use of high technology of the new terrorism groups. As indicated by John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini terrorists are likely to increasingly use advanced information technologies for offensive and defensive purposes, as well as to support their organizational structures (Arquilla et al. n.d.). Moreover, according to Kiras elements of globalization that permits the rapid exchange of ideas and good can also be leveraged and exploited by terrorist groups. The technologies associated with globalization allow terrorists to operate in a highly distributed global network that shares information and allows small cells to conduct highly coordinated, lethal attacks. Also, globalization may allow some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction in order to conduct catastrophic attacks (Kiras 2008). To conclude, as stated by Tucker, although the networked, ad hoc character of contemporary terrorism is not new, the terrorism we experience today, at least the international terrorism, is more lethal than it was when it first emerged three decades ago and more likely to produce mass casualties (Tucker 2001). Thus, according to Crenshaw the difference between the new and the old terrorism is not as fundamental as proponents of the new terrorism view would have it. The differences among groups and over time do exist, but they are due to the changing environment, in particular the globalization (Crenshaw 2003). The new terrorism has become seriously dangerous since the 11 September 2001 attacks, which have shaped much of the history of the years since. As Grant Wardlaws study shows, it is seems likely that terrorism will be a more serious problem towards the end of the century than is currently. The present analysts believe that the incremental changes in the nature of terrorism and te rrorist groups will eventually lead some group to attempt mass destruction terrorism. Also, the changes in political socialisation which have occurred worldwide over the past few decades, together with easier access to powerful weapons, suggest the possibility that terrorism may be come to be seen by a wider range of groups as an acceptable way to stop governments operation in ways that group members see as inimical to their interest. (Wardlaw: 1989) Although it changes over the decades, terrorism remains a complex phenomen in which violence is used to obtain political power. The new terrorism presents a great danger as globalization has improved the technical capabilities of terrorists and given them global reach. In other words, globalization changed the scope and the nature of the old terrorism (Kiras 2008).

Anglo-Saxon Ideal Code of Conduct :: Beowulf Epic Poems Anglo-Saxon Literature Essays

Anglo-Saxon Ideal Code of Conduct The epic poem of â€Å"Beowulf† presents the characteristics of two heroes, Beowulf and Hrothgar. During this Anglo-Saxon time period, Hrothgar rules as the king of his Danish lands. However, this king faces many problems due to the disturbances of a monster known as Grendel. As an Anglo-Saxon warrior of the time, Beowulf hears of this creature and journeys through the hero's path to kill Grendel. Through this journey, Hrothgar and Beowulf reconstruct the code of conduct of an ideal Anglo-Saxon king and warrior. The Danish lands of the time are ruled by Hrothgar, a respected and generous king. These qualities of character were admired by the people of his time and place. All people of Hrothgar's kingdom respected this king, and they all accepted his â€Å"very word far and wide as a command.† The people also give him great titles such as the â€Å"Lord of the Mighty Danes,† â€Å"guardian of the Scyldings,† and â€Å"protector of warriors.† Much of these people's respect come in response to Hrothgar's generosity to everyone. This generosity can be seen towards Beowulf, when the king gives his thanks for the heroic deeds of the warrior. Hrothgar rewards Beowulf with priceless material as he says to the warrior, â€Å"You shall lack no earthly riches I can offer you.† The people of the land also trust their king, who holds a strong belief in God. In the scene where Hrothgar celebrates Grendel's death, he holds the monsters hand as he says, â€Å"Let us give thanks at once to God Almighty for this sight.† The followers of the king both respect and trust their ruler, and through his generosity and strong trust in good, Hrothgar displays the ideal code of conduct for an Anglo- Saxon king. Another epic hero that has qualities that follow the Anglo-Saxon code of conduct is Beowulf. This warrior, known to be the â€Å"strongest man alive,† leaves for a heroic journey when he hears of the evil Grendel. He first shows his strength and bravery when he sets sail to assist Hrothgar in defeating Grendel after hearing news of the creature in his own land. Beowulf is constantly referred to as brave, such as when he defeats Grendel, and Hrothgar must reward him for his heroics. As the â€Å"brave man moved forward until he stood immediately before the Danish lord,† Hrothgar says, â€Å"I will reward this brave man with treasures.† The unbeatable strength of Beowulf shows during his confrontation with Grendel, when the monster instantly realizes that â€Å"never had he met any man

Stalin: In the Wrong? :: essays research papers

Stalin, by many people today, would be considered a horrible man who had caused much harm to the world. This, of course, is in modern terms. History has a way of reshaping the ‘morality’ of events over a period of time. Take, for example, the Crusades. The majority of Europeans at the time vastly agreed with their purpose. Now, however, they are seen as a religious leader’s abuse of power and an unfortunate loss of life. Will the same reversal occur with the view of Stalin? After all, he did completely reshape a backwards society. Since we cannot conceivable travel into the future, Stalin will be assessed from acclaimed people of the past. These people will have no prejudice towards Stalin in their ideals because they will not have known of Stalin nor the Soviet Union. However, their overall opinions will not fluctuate based on Stalin and thus Stalin will be judged. Stalin will be evaluated by the following three distinguished historical intellectuals: Plato, Mac hiavelli and Sir James G. Frazer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first person we shall introduce to judge Stalin is the Athenian philosopher Plato. Plato, in his dialogue in the First Book of The Laws, suggests a very simple, yet effective, test for selecting and educating men who can be trusted as statesmen. This test, which later became known as the wine test, was supportive of Plato’s views. It was not simply enough to be a wise ex-soldier, as many people believe Plato choose them to be the most qualified. In the dialogue, Plato states that drunkenness loosens a man’s tongue, which gives the presents public an idea what he is really like. By this simple test, Plato would readily support Stalin. Stalin was well-known to drink everyone else â€Å"under the table†. In fact, Stalin imbibed much more than his fellow British counterpart, Sir Winston Churchill, and his successor, Khrushchev. Stalin, being a Georgian, took great pride in his raising on a diet of mutton and wine, and as he grew, found wine no t potent enough, preferring to consume vodka. Wine, he said, was merely ‘juice’. Stalin, when he drank, rarely fluctuated from what he said when he was sober, proving to be a very consistent man. However, the people that he had at his little get-togethers were not, and often he used the information obtained here to ‘purge’ later victims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato saw the wine test not as a means for him or others to get drunk, but instead loosen the tongue.

Reality based tv... or not? :: essays research papers

When it comes to reality based television shows, the only thing I want to know is where they get the word â€Å"Reality†. The reason is that we only see what they want us to see, so we are not really seeing the big picture. (Dan Johnson) There is some controversy over reality based television shows. One thing that they are able to do is give you a chance to see how ordinary people in certain situations. The producer is the one who creates the situation, but how they react is the real thing. (Richard Heldenfels 563-569) When you watch reality television you are seeing a group of people get along in a restricted environment. Throughout the serious anything could happen that will make you want to see the next show. Many of these shows share speed and excitement as much as it is interested in the relationships among characters. It is easier for people to know what is going on compared to soaps. That is a reason more people watch it because of this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Paul Jackson 35-40) When we watch reality television we only care how it looks. Most of the time we don’t care if it is true or not. All that we are seeing is a performance with drama, and thaws what keeps us watching. For some reason they still call it reality based television and we go along with it. All shows are only vague depictions of reality. Most of the people that we see on television are forced to repeat their lines for speed and clarity. When scheduling conflicts, it demands producers film scenes frequently out of sequence. They are based on highly contrived circumstances, and then heavily choreographed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Eric Cramer 1-25)There has been many of cases where they the people have found out the candles and the television station got cough and suede. In the television show Survivor the the station was sued because producers thought a certain individual was bad for ratings. Therefore, the told the other contestants to vote them off the island and they would do it. In the television show Temptation Island a couple got kicked off the island because they had a child together. This went on to court and the couple won the lawsuit.

Black Hand †The Conspiracy that started War Essay

In 1911 ten politically important men of Serbia formed a secret society called the Black Hand in one of their sister’s basements. Three years later, the Black Hand had started World War one. Fifteen million people died, 20 million people wounded; all because of the bad judgement of one man and the death of another. The cause the Black Hand was fighting for was a worthy one for they were simply liberating themselves from Austro-Hungarian control. They wanted to be free people and many powerful and political people of Serbia joined the leader ranks of the Black Hand. They operated through stealth and if a perpetrator of the Black Hand was caught by the enemy then they were under strict orders to commit suicide at the first opportunity, if not then the Black Hand would kill that person themselves in case they had become a spy for the enemy; One bad move and the foundation of which they formed would be ripped apart; They had to be cautious and very clear on what they intended to d o or their enemy would pick them off one by one. The cause of the First World War is quite memorably famous; well I’d say it is to anyone who’s studied WWI in school but what may seem interesting is how one small rock that is the assassination of a prince, tied to many other bigger rocks that are the empires and the countries, could miraculously pull them all in to a never-ending hole in such short time. Many speculate that the tension between the two sides of the war was at such a high standing point that even a feather could make that tension blow up colossally; others who think otherwise are quite stupid. So generally it wasn’t the small innocent(well I wouldn’t exactly say innocent) rock that pulled the larger rocks into deep oblivion, no, it was the powerful winds abided and helped by the small rock that made it all happen, a small rock made such a big difference in a much larger world, anything’s possible eh? The Black Hand was a secret organisation whose sole goal was to disrupt Austria-Hun gary plans, terrorise them in their most crucial points and in the end game; kick them out of Serbia so the country could once again be whole and free. They would go to any measures to extrapolate their plans and many people died. They formed in 1911 and by 1914 there were several hundreds of members, perhaps even more accurately two thousand five hundred. They had spies everywhere. Perhaps their biggest act and possibly their biggest overestimated one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. They could never possibly see that it would some short time later cause World War one. They had hoped to shake Austria-Hungary and perhaps cite some fear into the King but never to cause a war of mass scale. Unfortunately any one thing, however small, was enough to pop that tension filled balloon and cause a war. So If they didn’t cause the war, something else was obviously have done it. The assassination wasn’t professionally done. By that I mean the leaders behind the plot didn’t go to great measures to ensure that Franz Ferdinand would die. They relied on the number of men they had enrolled to do the job. There were a lot of their men on the scene and many were not captured, being transparent in the luminous crowd. Perhaps they did not want to hurt their fellow Serbs for something such as a 20 metre range bomb would surely kill and harm a lot of innocent people. But never the less the prince was assassinated after fruitless attempts; He was assassinated by a young man called Gavrillo Princip who made no hesitation to kill the prince after spotting him across the road, his colleagues were obviously unsuccessful in the act and without a seconds thought Gavrillo ran out and fired two shots, killing the prince and his wife Sophie. Years after the war had ended Gavrillo Princip was questioned. At the end of the interview, they asked him if he knew what would have happened when he fired those shots, would he have done it? This proved that the Black Hands intentions were clean at heart even to the lowest members for he said â€Å"god hell no, Commend millions of people to death because of my own stupid judgement? Hell no†.

Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

High blood pressure is a common and major cause of shot and other cardiovascular disease. There are many causes of high blood pressure, including defined hormonal and familial syndromes, nephritic disease and multifactorial racial and familial factors. It is one of the prima causes of morbidity and mortality in the universe and will increase in world-wide importance as a public wellness job by 2020 ( Murray and Lopez 1997 ) . Blood force per unit area ( BP ) is defined as the sum of force per unit area exerted, when bosom contract against the opposition on the arterial walls of the blood vass. In a clinical term high BP is known as high blood pressure. Hypertension is defined as sustained diastolic BP greater than 90 mmHg or sustained systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg. The maximal arterial force per unit area during contraction of the left ventricle of the bosom is called systolic BP and minimal arterial force per unit area during relaxation and dilation of the ventricle of the bosom when the ventricles fill with blood is known as diastolic BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Table 1: Definitions and categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( adapted from JNC-VII ) High blood pressure is normally divided into two classs of primary and secondary high blood pressure. In primary high blood pressure, frequently called indispensable high blood pressure is characterised by chronic lift in blood force per unit area that occurs without the lift of BP force per unit area consequences from some other upset, such as kidney disease. Essential high blood pressure is a heterogenous upset, with different patients holding different causal factors that lead to high BP. Essential high blood pressure demands to be separated into assorted syndromes because the causes of high BP in most patients soon classified as holding indispensable high blood pressure can be recognized ( Carretero and Oparil 2000 ) . Approximately 95 % of the hypertensive patients have indispensable high blood pressure. Although merely approximately 5 to 10 % of high blood pressure instances are thought to ensue from secondary causes, high blood pressure is so common that secondary high blood p ressure likely will be encountered often by the primary attention practician ( Beevers and MacGregor 1995 ) . In normal mechanism when the arterial BP raises it stretches baroceptors, ( that are located in the carotid sinuses, aortal arch and big arteria of cervix and thorax ) which send a rapid urge to the vasomotor Centre that ensuing vasodilatation of arteriolas and venas which contribute in cut downing BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Most of the book suggested that there is a argument sing the pathophysiology of high blood pressure. A figure of predisposing factors which contributes to increase the BP are fleshiness, insulin opposition, high intoxicant consumption, high salt consumption, aging and possibly sedentary life style, emphasis, low K consumption and low Ca consumption. Furthermore, many of these factors are linear, such as fleshiness and intoxicant consumption ( Sever and Poulter 1989 ) . The pathophysiology of high blood pressure is categorised chiefly into cardiac end product and peripheral vascular resistant, renin- angiotonin system, autonomic nervous system and others factors. Normal BP is determined and maintained the balance between cardiac end product and peripheral resistant. Sing the indispensable high blood pressure, peripheral resistant will lift in normal cardiac end product because the peripheral resistant is depend upon the thickness of wall of the arteria and capillaries and contraction of smooth musculuss cells which is responsible for increasing intracellular Ca concentration ( Kaplan 1998 ) . In renin-angiotensin mechanism hormone system plays of import function in maintain blood force per unit area ; particularly the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin in order to response glomerular hypo-perfusion. And besides renin is released by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system which is subsequently convert to angiotensin I so once more it converts to angiotensin II in the lungs by the consequence of angiotensin- change overing enzyme ( ACE ) . Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictive and besides it released aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal secretory organ which is responsible for Na and H2O keeping. In this manner, renin-angiotensin system increases the BP ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Similarly, in autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system play a function in pathophysiology of high blood pressure and cardinal to keeping the normal BP as it constricts and dilates arteriolar. Autonomic nervous system considers as an of import in short term alterations in BP in response to emphasis and physical exercising. This system works together with renin-angiotensin system including go arounding Na volume. Although adrenaline and nor-adrenaline does n't play an of import function in causes of high blood pressure, the drugs used for the intervention of high blood pressure block the sympatheti c nervous system which had played proper curative function ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Others pathophysiology includes many vasoactive substance which are responsible for keeping normal BP. They are enothelin bradikinin, endothelial derived relaxant factor ; atrial natriuretic peptide and hypercoagulability of blood are all responsible in some manner to keep the BP ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . The 7th study of the Joint National Committee ( JNC-VII ) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defines some of import ends for the rating of the patient with elevated BP which are sensing and verification of high blood pressure ; sensing of mark organ disease ( e.g. nephritic harm, congestive bosom failure ) ; designation of other hazard factors for cardiovascular upsets ( e.g. diabetes mellitus, lipemia ) and sensing of secondary causes of high blood pressure ( Chobanian et al 2003 ) . Most hypertensive patients remain symptomless until complications arise. Potential complications include shot, myocardial infarction, bosom failure, aortal aneurism and dissection, nephritic harm and retinopathy ( Zamani et al 2007 ) .The drug choice for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure would depend on the single grade of lift of BP and contradictions. Treatment of non-pharmacologic high blood pressure includes life-style, weight decrease, exercising, Na, K, halt smoke and intoxicant, relaxation therapy and dietetic betterments, followed by pharmacological medicine therapy. Fig1. Algorithm for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Chobanian et al 2003 ) Normally used antihypertensive drugs include thiazide water pills, ?-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotonin receptor blockers, Ca channel blockers, direct vasodilatives and ?-receptor adversaries which are shown in the undermentioned tabular array. Table 2: Types of drugs used in the intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Waller et al 2005 ) Diuretic drugs have been used for decennaries to handle high blood pressure and recommended as first-line therapy by JNC-VII guidelines after antihypertensive and lipid-lowering intervention to forestall bosom onslaught trail ( ALLHAT ) success. They cut down circulatory volume, cardiac end product and average arterial force per unit area and are most effectual in patients with mild-to- moderate high blood pressure who have normal nephritic map. Thiazide water pills ( e.g. Microzide ) and K sparing water pills ( e.g. Aldactone ) promote Na+ and Cl- elimination in the nephrone. Loop water pills ( e.g. Lasix ) are by and large excessively powerful and their actions excessively ephemeral, nevertheless, they are utile in take downing blood force per unit area in patients with nephritic inadequacy, who frequently does non react to other water pills. Diuretic drugs may ensue in inauspicious metabolic side effects, including lift of creatinine ; glucose, cholesterin, triglyceride degrees, h ypokalemia, hyperuricemia and decreased sexual map are possible side effects. The best BP take downing response is seen from low doses of Thiazide water pills ( Kaplan 1998 ) . -blocker such as propranolol are believed to lower BP through several mechanisms, including cut downing cardiac end product through a decrease bosom rate and a mild lessening in contractility and diminishing the secernment of renin, which lead to a lessening in entire peripheral resistant. Adverse effects of b-blockers include bronchospam, weariness, powerlessness, and hyperglycaemia and alter lipid metamorphosis ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Centrally moving ?2-adrenergic agonists such as alpha methyl dopa and Catapres cut down sympathetic escape to the bosom, blood vass and kidneys. Methyldopa is safe to utilize during gestation. Side consequence includes dry oral cavity, sedation, sleepiness is common ; and in 20 % of patients methyldopa causes a positive antiglobulin trial, seldom hemolytic anemia and Catapres causes bounce high blood pressure if the drug is all of a sudden withdrawn ( Neal M J 2009 ) . Systemic a1-antagonists such as Minipress, Hytrin and Cardura cause a lessening in entire peripheral opposition through relaxation of vascular smooth musculus. Calcium channel blockers ( CCB ) cut down the inflow of Ca++ responsible for cardiac and smooth musculus contraction, therefore cut downing cardiac contractility and entire peripheral resistant. Therefore long-acting members of this group are often used to handle high blood pressure. There are two categories of CCB dihyropyridines and non- dihyropyridines. The chief side consequence of CCB is ankle hydrops, but this can sometimes be offset by uniting with ?-blockers ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Direct vasodilatives such as Hydralazine and minoxidil lower BP by straight loosen uping vascular smooth musculus of precapillary opposition vass. However, this action can ensue in a automatic addition bosom rate, so that combined ?-blocker therapy is often necessary ( Neal M J 2009 ) . ACE inhibitors plants by barricading the renin-angiotensin system thereby suppressing the transition of angiotonin I to angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors may be most utile for handling patients with bosom failure, every bit good as hypertensive patients who have diabetes. Using Ace inhibitors can take to increased degrees of bradikinin, which has the side consequence of cough and the rare, but severe, complication of atrophedema. Recent survey demonstrated that Capoten was every bit effectual as traditional thaizides and ?-blockers in forestalling inauspicious results in high blood pressure ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Angiotensin II antagonists act on the renin-angiotensin system and they block the action of angiotonin II at its peripheral receptors. They are good tolerated and really seldom do any important side-effects ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Another helpful rule of antihypertensive drug therapy concerns the usage of multiple drugs. The effects of one drug, moving at one physiologic control point, can be defeated by natural compensatory mechanism ( e.g. diuretic lessening hydrops happening secondary to intervention with a CCB ) . By utilizing two drugs with different mechanisms of action, it is more likely that BP and its complication are controlled and with the low dose scope of combined drugs besides help to cut down the side-effects as good ( Frank 2008 ) . The undermentioned two-drug combinations have been found to be effectual and good tolerated which are diuretic and ?-blocker ; diuretic and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB ( dihydropyridine ) and ?-blocker ; CCB and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB and b-diuretic ; ?-blocker and ?-blocker and other combinations ( e.g. with cardinal agents, including ?2-adrenoreceptor agonists and imidazoline- I2 receptor modulators, or betwee n ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries ) can be used ( ESH and ESC 2003 ) . If necessary, three or four drugs may be required in many instances for the intervention. The usage of a individual drug will take down the BP satisfactorily in up to 80 % of patients with high blood pressure but uniting two types of drugs will take down BP about 90 % . If the diastolic force per unit area is above 130 mmHg so the hypertensive exigency is occurred. Although it is desirable to cut down the diastolic force per unit area below 120 mmHg within 24 hours in accelerated high blood pressure, it is normally unneeded to cut down it more quickly and so it may be unsafe to make so. This is because the mechanisms that maintain intellectual blood flow at a changeless degree independent of peripheral BP are impaired in high blood pressure. However, it is of import to cut down the BP rapidly by giving the endovenous drugs but cautiousness should be taken to avoid cerebrovascular force per unit area bring oning intellectual ischaemia ( Grahame-Smith and Aronson 2002 ) . In decision, high blood pressure emerges as an highly of import clinical job because of its prevalence and potentially annihilating effects. The major categories of antihypertensive drugs: water pills, ?-blockers, CCB, ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries, are suited for the induction and care of antihypertensive therapy which helps in decrease of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Determining Achievements in the Choice of School

Every parent wants what is best for their child. Though parents do not have control over everything in their child's development, education is one they do control. A person's education is one of the most important factors in determining whether or not they will become a productive member of society. Because education is so important, what kind of education is best? Whether or not a public or private school is best may be an issue worth addressing. The debate over which is better is a battle that has gone on since private schools were first introduced as an alternative. It seems most people are of the opinion that private schools are superior; the issue is simply if it is worth the money. However, this may not be the case. Therefore, how does one gauge the superiority of a school? This very difficult question has no easy answers. The most common and maybe the only way that researchers can rate and measure the effectiveness of a school is by measuring achievement. The American Heritage Dictionary seems to define achievement as â€Å"something that has been accomplished successfully, especially by means of exertion, skill, practice, or perseverance. This efinition is not exactly what researchers are speaking of when they refer to achievement. Though they all seem to define it slightly different, achievement is refered to as an improvement in overall academic excellence that did not exist before or outside the classroom. Many researchers used achievement tests and SAT scores in longitudinal studies for this measure. These reports seem to suggest that public schools seem to perform at equal levels with private schools. But are SAT scores and achievement tests all that are important to a school and what it can provide for children? This question cannot be addressed with these The fact that I was raised in a private environment seems to suggest that I may not be better off than my private counterparts. Since a young age, I have attended private schools. From Kindergarten through all four years of high school, I have been in home schooling with my other brothers and sisters. I was raised on the idea that private schools are better than public ones. My parents and most of my peers still believe this. I might still think this also but with much less fervor. After high school, I then went on to Meramac, my first public school. It was here that I learned, in that large and diverse environment, and from talking to my friends now at public colleges, that maybe the average public and private system are not so different. I am not saying that high school and college are comparable, they are not. Maybe just the idea that private schools provide a superior education is false. I seem to be getting the same if not better education where I am now, at Meramac, than I would at some private college. I am afraid to ask how much my parents have spent on my education. Would I be I the same place today had I gone to public schools, only having a more However, one must keep in mind that the issue over weather private schools are superior to public ones cannot be calculated for just myself or any other individual. The facts and data stated here are averages, not necessarily the best and most accurate information for all children. Also, not all public schools are the same and not all private schools are the same. Again, the results here are supposed to be averages of each. Many schools are not even addressed. Public magnet schools, independent schools, and special education schools, are some examples. Another thing to bear in mind is that there are many more public schools than here are private ones, thus skewing the data some. With that I mind, I have found six journals written on, or pertaining to, the subject of achievement and whether private or public does a better job of promoting it. However, all of these researchers did not just pick a hundred public students and a hundred private ones, test them, and then see who scored higher. Many variables must be taken into account to make the two groups as equal as possible. This logical step included the factoring out of variables such as economic backgrounds, gender, age, race, IQ, and others. By liminating or lessening these characteristics and others like them, more equivalent groups can be made, with a smaller chance of non school influences affecting score results. Before the mid 1970's, the issue of the better type of school had not been seriously addressed. This may be because most students enrolled in private schools were there primarily for religious reasons. This is why most private schools are Catholic. The Coleman report, released a before the 1980, began the battle that still continues to this day. Their conclusion stated that, after all the data was collected, and all the important ariables accounted for, private schools produce better achievement than their public counterparts. Shortly after this research became public, numerous studies have been documented as stating that their conclusion was false. Some of those studies shall be stated here. One of the first reports that confronted the Coleman report was released in 1981 by authors Goldberger and Cain. This study did nothing but address the validity of the report by Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, which was a document that contained 233 pages + appendices. They found that â€Å"the method and nterpretations employed fall below the minimum standards of acceptability for social-scientific research†. Goldberger and Cain do not only disagree with the results that Coleman and his associates released but attack them with a fair amount of vemenance. Their research methods, or, their execution of the methods, are replete with flaws. The presentation of their style are one-sided — pro-private. It is as if they decided to write a brief for the proposition that society shift to the subsidization of private schools and away from the subsidization of public schools. Goldberger and Cain therefore, are not saying anything referring to which type of school is better. They are simply stating that the results shown by the Coleman report are not accurate, and therefore, there is simply no evidence suggesting that private is better. However, in 1983, Alexander and Pallas not only discredited the Coleman report but also did a study of their own. Though a little more discrete in their judgments, they again find the Coleman results flawed. They also address the fact that because most private schools are catholic, it would be wrong to generalize the private school data set by including all private schools. Instead they address the issue as a public-Catholic one. Attempting to correct the errors in the Coleman report, they do a study of their own. Using the NLS and HSB studies, they find that there is not a substantial difference in the results and that private schools are not better. They do however, point out their shortcomings; that â€Å"SAT scores are only available for those students who elected to sit for the test† and that the data are only sampled of sophomores and Another study that furthered the argument that public schools are just as good as private ones were one put out by Sassenreth and her colleagues. In 1983 they used a study that was already in progress, SOMPA, to analyze the correlation between the two. Though the study was extremely brief, by comparing IQ's of students already in the survey, they found that â€Å". . . the public schools are able to hold their own, despite having to enroll an student (good or bad) in their residential area and having to offer a wider range of courses†. With 49 public school students and 49 private school students matched by their IQ and with all outside variables taken into account, â€Å"private and public schooling has (on the average) about the same nfluence on academic achievement†. However they are also the only study reviewed which infer that the decision to select a private school might be for other reasons than achievement. Some of the more recent data no longer refers to the Coleman report, suggesting that it is either outdated or has been successfully discredited. In 1991 Gibbons and Bickel use three SAT data sets to compare public to private. Though SAT tests â€Å"were originally designed to measure aptitude rather than achievement† the authors feel that they are just as good a measuring tool as any. They again find that, once accounting or certain variables, â€Å"public high schools appear to perform better than private high schools, at least with Also in 1991 Rock and associates address the issue of trying to ascertain what promotes achievement. Though it does not specifically address the conflict of private versus public schools, it does seem to provide useful information concerning some of the variables addressed by previous researchers and why they were factored out. Before the following variables are accounted for, * Students from private independent schools perform considerably better on all test than students from Students in private independent schools are more likely than public or Catholic school students to be proficient at higher level math problem solving (private independent: 63 percent, public: 18 percent, Catholic: * Students from Catholic schools have higher mean scores I all tested areas (except higher-level math problem solving) then do public school students. Age, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, also play a significant role in a students performance. Their data seems to suggest however, that the differences in achievement among public schools and rivate schools seem to stem from variables that are not school related. But what about the things that researchers cannot prove. Many parents, especially those whose children are or have been in private schools, would argue that achievement is only part of the big picture. Lynn Stevens, a public school teacher, has three daughters. Though they all began in public schools, two of them attended private high school. Mrs. Stevens feels that her children received a better academic background in a private school but, due to the variety and larger size of a public school, she feels that they might have suffered. She feels that they might have been â€Å"more involved in a larger variety of things† in a public school. Jennifer and Meredith Stevens, Mrs. Stevens' older daughters, attended Marist, a high pressure, high achievement, private school. Therefore, because it is so competitive, Mrs. Stevens feels it inappropriate to call Marist an â€Å"average† private school,. However, upon discussion of the advantage of social diversity of a public school, Jennifer added that she â€Å"received a more positive influence at Marist† than she would have at Roswell. Jennifer also senses from her youngest sister, now attending public high chool, that there is almost pressure to not do well. Mrs. Stevens also feels that public schools, especially at the elementary level, cannot meet the demands of all the different ability levels present in the large classes. Private schools on the other hand, though not able to help each child as much as possible, can perform a much better job of this with their smaller class sizes. One argument against private schools is that they do not provide a â€Å"real world† type of atmosphere, and that this is a serious disadvantage when the child grows up. Mrs. Stevens feels that this does not necessarily matter. However, because of Amanda's greater opportunity to achieve amongst her peers at public school, Mrs. Stevens would not put her youngest daughter in Marist. Another reason, though not addressed in the interview, for her sending her daughters to private school is due to the religious influence that it provides, which is unavailable in public schools. Basically, it depends on the student, and what will be best for him or her. It seems that for the average student, private schools do not provide better achievement than do public. But what does achievement have to do with the big picture? Will higher SAT and achievement scores roduce a happier, more well rounded, positive, and more self confident youth? Probably not. Every child is unique and has their own strengths and weaknesses. The same things hold true with schools. Some private schools are poor just as many public schools are good. The decision whether private schools are worth the money is another issue. Again, it depends on one's own situation. Therefore, though achievement may be part of the decision making process, it should only be a small concern in a sea of other ones. It depends upon the child as to which concerns are large and which ones are small.

Laura Esquivel

Laura Esquivel’s â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† is an epic novel set in Mexico at the turn of the twentieth century. It is a bittersweet love story between Tita and Pedro who through fate have kept them apart. The novel is divided into months and starts each chapter with a recipe from Tita’s kitchen. Throughout the novel we follow the seemingly doomed love affair between the two main protagonists of the book. Their affection for each other finally unites them in the afterlife at the end of the novel. The novel is a good example of how the Spanish culture has influenced the new world, or the American continent. Likewise, the novel also is a reflection of Spanish culture principally through its culinary practices. In pre-columbian times, the indigenous peoples of America, revered chocolate or cacao and was often even used as both currency and commodity of trade. The Olmecs, Aztecs and other ancient members of Maya culture regularly included the drink from the cacao beans in their rituals. But previously, the chocolate drink was reserved for the warriors and the elite and consumed only after and not during a   meal. When Columbus discovered America, these cacao beans were then sent back to Europe and was widely accepted there alongside other food products from America like the potato, tomato and other grains. â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† vividly describes a typical rancheria in Mexico and here we get a glimpse of family life infused in long-held traditions as imposed by the grand matriarch. It is not uncommon for Spanish families to live in one roof even if the children are adults and married. It is quite the norm that married children and their spouses and children continue to live with either the family of the wife or husband. In the novel, Tita is forbidden to marry, being the youngest daughter, she is expected to take care of her aging parents and helping out with household tasks. A profusion of rituals and daily chores in the kitchen reveal to us readers the extent in which Spanish culture has been introduced to the new world. Spanish breakfast occurs twice in a day. The early breakfast consists of bread and coffee with milk eaten at home before one sets off to work or school. A second breakfast occurs anytime between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning consisting of sweet rolls or biscuits and a tostada – a toasted bread smeared with butter and served on a saucer with olive oil for dipping. Sometimes the bread is served rubbed with tomato and garlic for a more robust flavor. Lunch then occurs at 2 pm which may consist of an omelette, a sausage, and finished with fruit. This repast may be eaten with coffee or beer. After lunch, the customary siesta or afternoon nap commences. This nap may last up to two hours, wherein businesses are closed, and will only open around 4pm. Thus is the unusual and laid-back attributes of the Spanish. In the evening, tapas is served, these are small servings of food or appetizers that may consist of vegetables, seafood, meat, chicken, sausages or just about anything that may be found in the kitchen. This hours are spent eating and drinking wine. Tapas bars abound in the more urban areas in Spain and are regular fare for the citizenry. By 11pm, a real dinner is served. A hearty full-course of salad, soup, entrà ©e, and dessert followed by coffee or an aperitif caps the day. Then off to bed goes the typical Spaniard in what was a typical day spent. The culinary traditions of Spain are steeped in their culture and daily life. The influence of these are far and wide covering the entire world as Spain set out to far reaches in search of wealth and territory. In their vast colonies, Spain brought these traditions with them and in turn imposed them on the local populace but also inter-mingling the local practices in turn. It is safe to conclude therefore that Spanish culinary traditions have been both recipient and donor. For Spain adapted to new world ingredients and manners of cooking. The novel masterfully exploits the culinary richness of Spain and makes these the springboard on which the plot so brilliantly revolves around. The recipes we read in the book are presented in such that their preparation all the way to their consumption is woven into the lives and motives of the characters involved. The recipe for chocolate and rose petals illustrates this. When Tita cooks the rose petals into the chocolate she is consumed with passion and unrelenting desire for Pedro – and eventually transforms all those who imbibe the drink into a frenzy of heat, lust, love and desire as well. Source: Davidson, Alan, The Oxford Companion To Food, 1999   

Question 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Question 6 - Essay Example n (1932 ) AC 562, where the question arouse whether a manufacturer of soft drinks could be held liable for negligence by consumer, Lord Aktins ruled, â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor.† (Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932). 2006) In the case of physical injuries caused to the applicant by the broken stage, it could be said that Mulder could take action for negligence against Dana, the occupier and owner of the hotel. It is incumbent that Dana should have, with reasonable care and prudence, realized that the floor of the stage should be of strong construction to withstand heavy weight. However, in the case of injuries suffered due to lack of care of his friend, Skimmer, the test of vulnerability and control test needs to be applied. In this case, the defendant, Dana had no possible means of controlling Skinner’s entry, although she had taken the degree of care expected during such a situation. This being a case of Res Ipsa Loquitur (the truth speaks for itself), it is seen that Dana’s involvement would be limited to the stage accident and for the second accident, Mulder would have to bring action against Skinner, should he think it necessary to do so, for injuries sustained during to negligence and lack of care by Skinner. When Skinner entered the movie hall, he had entered a tacit contract with the owners. The injury caused to Skinner was not due to the lack of care, or negligence of the hotel authorities, since it was a stray incident, and unbiased research testified to the fact that there were no earlier records of such kind. Moreover, it was also outside the control of hotel authorities. In this case the question of foresee ability also comes to the forefront. The hotel owner, Dana, by any stretch of imagination, could have possibly imagined that Skinner would be bitten by a stray bee and suffer injuries. In the case of Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v. Mort’s

Amended Budget Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amended Budget Paper - Essay Example Increase By 4% Amending the IT cost, need to focus on consolidating the operating budget of Riordan Manufacturing. Hence, a 4% increase in spending on IT items related to hardware, software, and outside IT support services, in addition to an increase in outside support charges, capitulate a net increase in spending of $105,100. The 4% increase in IT spending, implies that the annual IT budget, would have to be increased from $1, 901,300 to $1,977,352.In the short term, this implies reducing overheads, like telephone, office supplies, postage, shipping, postage, benefits, and bonuses which amount to $456,358 by around 23 percent. Raising spending on the baseline figures comprising hardware, software, and outside IT support services, would push services, such as licenses, maintenance, special projects and leased lines, to go up. Therefore, the organization can negotiate for lower licensing and leasing services, in addition to negotiating for cheaper contracts for special projects trans actions (Schwalbe, 2010). The increase in spending on items related to hardware, software, and outside IT support service, can be offset by initiating a hiring freeze, but not laying off of current IT department employees. This is necessitated by the fact that, the organization needs to retain and retrain current staff, so as to be competitive in an environment of increasing reliance on technology. Hence, the IT department staff should now spotlight on ITIL processes, in addition to best practices, in particular change-management advances, plus service-level contract. Over a long period, the increase in IT spending requires to be offset with revenue growth. Therefore, they can consolidate hardware purchasing process, in order to generate an upper return on investment in using technologies. Decrease in Overall Budget By 2% A decrease in IT overall budget by 2% implies a shift from $1,901,300 to 1,863,274 in terms of total IT spending. Hence, some expenses and their accompanying assum ptions require to be re-assessed, in order to change them to be more rational, and in the course, reduce the risk susceptibility to budget over-runs. Notably, not everything in the Riordan Manufacturing IT budget goes to technology, and the biggest item based on the figures, is human resources expenses. This amounts to 40 to 50% of the whole IT budget, going to salaries, benefits, and bonuses of internal support personnel, such as network personnel plus managers. The whole of the bonuses, benefits, travels, and entertainment amounts to $ 479,158 yearly, therefore, they need to reduce them by 8% percent, in order to offset the $38,026 drop in IT budget. On the other hand, in trying to offset the budget shortfall, the organization needs to be elastic in re-aligning special projects expenditures, from $150,000 to $111,974, a net of $38, 026.This in turn would easily fill the gap created by the 2% reduction in IT budget. Also, Riordan Manufacturing, can shift from the buying and paying licenses for their business processes software approach, to a Software-as-a-Service, or SaaS model. This implies that, the organization can get customizable business solution at a cheaper annual cost, in order to manage its business

STRATEGIC ACCOUNTING & FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

STRATEGIC ACCOUNTING & FINANCE - Essay Example In the late 1980s and early 1990s there were a series of scandalous collapse of several prominent UK companies. The reasons being weak control and governance over the working of the management board and the main reason was the power and authority vested in the hands of a single person. In December 1992, the Cadbury Committee published the Code of Best Practice(hereafter, the Code) which recommended that Boards of publicly-traded UK corporations include at least three outside directors and that the positions of the Chairman and Chief executive Officer not to be held by a single individual. The purpose of this kind of separation is to enhance corporate performance and to avoid misuse of power and authority. In this essay the author discusses the effects of the Cadbury Committee on Corporate Governance and whether the split in the roles of CEO and Chairman according the Committee recommendations has increased or decreased the efficiency of companies. 1. It is mentioned in various research reports that the Code has definitely increased the general awareness of good corporate governance and it has caused several changes in the governance of companies. Mainly, the presence of independent directors on the Board has definitely increased the performance of a company. 3. ... 3. Another effect is that it has induced the turnover of top level managers in companies after the recommendations were implemented. In a study by Jay Dahya and John J. McConnell, it is evident that the implementation of the recommendations of the committee has increased the turnover of top level executives in companies in UK. This turnover of top-level executives can be voluntary and forced. But the turnover of the executives and the performance of the company shows a direct correlation. This study is very significant to show how the composition of the Board of Directors can cause a change in the performance of a company. 4. Mostly the Code mentions only recommendations voluntary measures. It is upto the necessity and discretion of the companies to implement the recommendations. But the London Stock Exchange has made it mandatory for all the Companies to comply with the Code. This step by the London stock exchange is an evidence about the credibility of the recommendations in itself. These recommendations when implemented by all the listed companies will definitely have a change in corporate governance across UK. 5. Generally, the quality of corporate governance can be measured by the flow of information inside the company. When outsiders are more in the Board of management and the CEO and the Chairmen posts are held by two different people, then there are more chances that information will be available to the shareholders. This availability of information is a cyclic process in improving the efficiency of an organization. If information is available freely the shareholders will have better idea about what is happening inside the Board. This information can play