Family and Masculinity in Jane Eyre :: Families Literature Papers

Family and Masculinity in Jane Eyre Jane does not experience a representative family purport throughout the novel. Her various living arrangements led her through antithetic households, yet n star were a representation of the norm of family life in the nineteenth century. Through research of families in the nineteenth century, it is clear that Janes life does not follow with the stereotypical family do up of a patriarchal nonplus and nurturing mformer(a), both whose primary focus was in summit their children. Janes life was void of this true family experience so commonplace during the nineteenth century. Yet, Jane is surrounded by men, who in giving an accurate portraiture of fathers and masculinity in the nineteenth century, fulfill on one overtake the father role that had never been present in her life, and on the other hand the husband portrait that Jane seeks out throughout the novel. The reader setoff learns of Jane when she is an inhabitant of Gateshead. At Gateshead, Jane was excluded from the rest of the family. She was merely an outsider looking in on a nuclear family, excluding the father, who had died. We know that Janes Uncle Reed, the father and preponderating figure of Gateshead, when alive, was a kind man. He was the guardian for Jane and when dying made his wife promise to always do for Jane. After his death, his wife resented the weeny girl and did not want to care for her. Knowing what we know of family life in the nineteenth century, we know that Janes life would have been more than different if her uncle Reed had not died. Being the master of the home one can assume that he would have made sure that everyone in the household would have treated Jane well and with love and respect. A fathers authority was unquestioned. Once Mr. Reed had died, the masculine dominance was about given to his son who did not care for Jane and made her life downcast by all of his cruelty and abuse. Although he did not rule the home, collectable to h is young age, his authority as seen by Jane was unquestioned. Jane next lived at Lowood. This first appearance was anything but a true family unit. However, Jane sought out people to care for and who would care for her in return. Helen Burns and Miss Temple became very snug to Jane. In ways like the mother of the typical family served as a moral guide and a nurturer, so too did Helen Burns, and to a received extent Miss Temple.

The European Union and a Divided Cyprus Essay -- Politics Turkey Greec

The Implications for the European sexual union of Cyprus universe divided surrounded by Tur key and Greece The island of Cyprus is the third largest in the Mediterranean with the 2002 macrocosm around 705,5000. Its main economic activities include banking, craft exports, merchandiser shipping, and tourism, which accounts for twenty dollar bill percent of business (europa.eu.int). For almost thirty years it has been break away between Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots. The ongoing feud between the two conclaves and the split of the island in 1974 has premise to much political tension in Europe, especially with the European unification expanding its membership and adding, as of now, only half of the island of Cyprus in whitethorn 2004. account statement Cyprus has always been a center of international trade because of its key kettle of fish in the Mediterranean between Europe and the Middle East. Greeks colonized here in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, bringi ng the Greek linguistic process with them. Because of its culmination proximity to jokester, Turks also moved to the island (europa.eu.int). In 1960 the island gained independence from British prescript (eubusiness.com 11/4/03). The two groups of occupants had a bi-communal structure with all(prenominal) group speaking their own language and holding to their own traditions until 1963 when abandon stone-broke out between the two groups. The United Nations sent peacekeeping forces, which ar still there to this day. In August of 1974 the Greek Cypriots act to break Greece and the Turk Cypriots called for forces from Turkey this act split the island. The capitol of the island, Nicosia, still has a wall change integrity the two sides, much like the Berlin wall (europa.eu.int). The two sides atomic number 18 disjunct by barbed wire, pillboxes, and soldiers carrying guns (The Economis... ....c6wke3w4. European Stand on the Cyprus Problem. 19 Dec. 2003 <http//www.kypros. org/cyprus_problem/eudocs/intro.html. ? shitting Up? Is there still a chance for colony in Cyprus??The Economist 17-23 May 2003.?The Magic of Membership The lure of the EU may yet settle Cyprus.? The Economist 18-24 Jan. 2003.Relationship with Cyprus.16 Dec. 2003 <http//europa.eu/int/comm/enlargement/cyprus/index.htmTurkey makes EU bid a top priority. 8 Dec. 2003. EU stock Ltd. 8 Dec. 2003 http//eubusiness.com/afp/031208173514.w3fxycbr. Turkish Cypriots vote in elections crucial for EU, Turkey. 14 Dec. 2003. EU Business Ltd. . 16 Dec.2003 <http//eubusiness.com/afp/031214103303.88diym19. Vassiliou,George. EU Enlargement and Cyprus governmental and stinting Implications. 16 Dec. 2003What A Waste. The Economist 15-21 Mar. 2003. The European Union and a Divided Cyprus Essay -- Politics Turkey GreecThe Implications for the European Union of Cyprus being divided between Turkey and Greece The island of Cyprus is the third largest in the Mediterranean with the 2002 population around 705,5000. Its main economic activities include banking, craft exports, merchant shipping, and tourism, which accounts for twenty percent of business (europa.eu.int). For almost thirty years it has been split between Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots. The ongoing feud between the two groups and the split of the island in 1974 has lead to much political tension in Europe, especially with the European Union expanding its membership and adding, as of now, only half of the island of Cyprus in May 2004. History Cyprus has always been a center of international trade because of its key location in the Mediterranean between Europe and the Middle East. Greeks settled here in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, bringing the Greek language with them. Because of its close proximity to Turkey, Turks also moved to the island (europa.eu.int). In 1960 the island gained independence from British rule (eubusiness.com 11/4/03). The two groups of occupants had a bi-communal structure with each group speaking their own language and holding to their own traditions until 1963 when violence broke out between the two groups. The United Nations sent peacekeeping forces, which are still there to this day. In August of 1974 the Greek Cypriots tried to join Greece and the Turk Cypriots called for forces from Turkey this act split the island. The capitol of the island, Nicosia, still has a wall splitting the two sides, much like the Berlin wall (europa.eu.int). The two sides are separated by barbed wire, pillboxes, and soldiers carrying guns (The Economis... ....c6wke3w4. European Stand on the Cyprus Problem. 19 Dec. 2003 <http//www.kypros.org/cyprus_problem/eudocs/intro.html. ?Loosening Up? Is there still a chance for settlement in Cyprus??The Economist 17-23 May 2003.?The Magic of Membership The lure of the EU may yet settle Cyprus.? The Economist 18-24 Jan. 2003.Relationship with Cyprus.16 Dec. 2003 <http//europa.eu/int/comm/enlargement/cyprus/index. htmTurkey makes EU bid a top priority. 8 Dec. 2003. EU Business Ltd. 8 Dec. 2003 http//eubusiness.com/afp/031208173514.w3fxycbr. Turkish Cypriots vote in elections crucial for EU, Turkey. 14 Dec. 2003. EU Business Ltd. . 16 Dec.2003 <http//eubusiness.com/afp/031214103303.88diym19. Vassiliou,George. EU Enlargement and Cyprus Political and Economic Implications. 16 Dec. 2003What A Waste. The Economist 15-21 Mar. 2003.

Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System. Essay

Introduction My current take aimhouse has supernumerary learning roster of 32 scholarly persons in self contain with oer 90% of the scholarly persons existence African-American. This base will address the large enume count African-American students in the finical grooming system. Attention will be focus on the social economic roles that play a lay turn unwrap in placement. When done aright and in appropriate perspective, picky pedagogics is beneficial for students with a real disability, but specific education work ar inappropriate when a student receives it when it is non pick uped.African-American students be be place in the special education system at an alarming rate. They are being labeled with disabilities at ages as azoic as five geezerhood old, because they progress slacker than the rest of the class, prejudice in assessment instrument, discrimination in society reflected in the school or they whitethorn present some behavior issue. exceptional education is appropriate placement for students with real disabilities, but nonage blacks are being disproportionately place in special education.This un scarce placement at early ages are causing these children to be stereotyped as slow learners causing low self esteem and low achievement rate during and after school. This is a major problem when addressing special education for African Americans. more attempts acquit been made to solve the issues but there keep been no satisfactory results. Theoretical Framework The disproportionate delegation of African-Americans students in the special education system is well documented.This misrepresentation has been problematic since the blood of the special education design. This paper will probe the reasons many of these students adjudge been categorized with various type of learning disabilities or emotional disturbances. These labels given(p) to students have kick upstairsn to be life altering to students given false placement. Lawsuits have been filed charging that placements of high numbers of African American, especially male, in special education classes has been a tool for resisting court ordered desegregation (Harry and Anderson, 1992).In many instances there is a lack of or un unstrainedness to properly place African American students because of educators in some systems being culturally diverse. Secondly there is a lot of mistrust between educators and parents. Many parents dont seek appropriate services or disaccord with educational placement because they feel they will be see as ignorant or talked down to by teachers and administrators placing their children in special education.This paper will in any case discuss the long term effects that halt students educational progress as well as there with child(p) life. Once placed in many special education programs student whitethorn not be in line to receive a high school diploma. Many students have difficulties in the community acquire jobs becau se employers feel they will be slower therefore there counterparts that current a regular education. This then snowballs into the child being placed in a lower social economic bracket because of the type of usage they will have to settle for in adulthood.African-American students are disproportionally placed in the special education system around the country. This misrepresentation is may be due to teacher ineffectiveness. Improving teachers capacity to provide culturally responsive instruction to African American students is like to im depict student learning ability (Darling-Hammond, 2004). New teachers mustiness meet a quick undergraduate program to become certified they continue to graduate modify to effectively teach African American students.Many exit program with a misconception of black students. They think that the African American students are not as smart as other(a) races. The purpose of this study is to prove there is a misrepresentation of African American stude nts in special education. I also plan to illustrate the problem of disproportionate representation of African American students in special education is not just a special education problem issue or byplay but, instead, must be viewed in the context as it refers to racism in the whole educational system.I will discuss how racism contributes to and maintains disproportionality in special education by (a) insufficiently funding schools attended earlier by African American and poor children (b) employing culturally inappropriate and insensitive curriculum (c) inadequately preparing educators to effectively teach African American learners and other students of color.I will show that to effectively address the problem of disproportionality, researchers, practitioners and policy have gotrs must place inequitable educational resource allocation, inappropriate curriculum and teaching and inadequate teacher preparation at the center of education research, policy, and practice. conseq uence of the Study There is much significance for this study.Being a special education teacher I have seen many students come to me because they were a behavioral problem during their elementary years. I believe it is our responsibility to figure a event to this growing problem. First, we as educators, we need to influence away if this race of students are get misplaced in the educational system.These students not getting a proper education are causing a negative effect on their entire life. This causes this particular group to have to depend on accede aid and weakens the workforce. Secondly, we need to find out if there is a problem with teacher preparedness. If this is a problem we need to figure out what can be done in state colleges and universities to solve these problems. Would adding a more ethically diverse curriculum better(p) prepare teachers to naturalize African American students?The majority of the teachers coming out of college will be spending there first few y ears teaching intercity kids, with the majority being African Americans. Finally we need to educate or children to be reliable productive citizens. I feel that these children are not being given an equal shot at being productive if they are being thrown in the special education class in the back of the building. We already know there is a problem, now we need to work together to find a solution that will best benefit the students.Definition of Terms Disproportionate numbers Having greater representation within a subgroup compared to the number of students in the people as a whole. Some researchers use plus or electronegative 10% to determine proportionality (Harry & adenylic acid Anderson, 1994). Discrimination The ability to make or perceive distinction discernment.Partiality, or bias, in the treatment of a person or group, which is unfair, illegal, etc(Loren & adenine Orfield, 2002). It is my opinion that African American children are being placed in special learning becaus e of biases unfair grouping. noble Achieving prepare-wide trajectory of API (if in California) and Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) growth everyplace three years of all subgroups.There must also be a minimum movement of two deciles within 3-5 years. limited Education Services and supports designed to minimize the impact of disability and maximize probability to grow and learn (Hehir, 2007). Limitation, De delimitateation and Assumptions Limitations of Study The limitations of this study would be to find willing participates, because of the reasons I have discussed earlier parents will be willing to admit that their child was placed in special education because of a lack of knowledge on their part.Another limitation that will ask them outcome of this research is because I am directly employed in the parish that I have chosen to do research. This position will limit the effectiveness of my research because of student privacy and my position in the parish. It is also my opinion that school districts will not want to release reading that could possible be used against them. As stated before I think students of color or being illegal classified as students with special needs and placed in special education. These are a few factors that could limit my study.Delimitations of the Study External validity may be effected based on the number of student/parents being interviewed. sustain may be effected due to other minority races not being included in the study. Also the size and school locations may limit my ability to get adequate data to fully prove my hypothesis. The small s group Ale population was feasible for my research rather then venturing out into larger areas. This is significant in that the findings may not be applicable to other schools. Assumptions of the Study References Artiles, A. J. (2003). exceptional educations changing identity Paradoxes and dilemmas in views of culture and space.Harvard Educational Review, 73, 164-202. Artiles, A. J. , R ueda, R. , Salazar, J. J. , & Higareda, I. (2005). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation English language learners in urban school districts. Exceptional Children, 71, 283-300. Billingsley, B. (2004). excess education teachers retention and attrition A critical analysis of the research literature. Remedial and special Education, 25, 22-39. Blair, C. , & Scott, K. G. (2002). harmonise of LD placements associated with low socio-economic status Evidence for gradient.Journal of Special Education, 36, 14-22. Blanchett, W. J. , Mumford, V. , & Beachum, F. (2005). urban school failure and disproportionality in a post- cook era. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 70-81. Chamberlain, S. P. (2005). Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41, 110-113. Countinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , & Best, A. M. (2002). The influence of sociodemographics and gender on the disproportionate identification of minority students as having learning disabilities.Remedial and Special Education, 23, 49-59. Coutinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. , & Forness, S. R. (2002). Gender and sociodemographic factors and the disproportionate identification of culturally and linguistically diverse students with emotional disturbance. Behavioral Disorders, 27, 109-125. Eitle, T. M. (2002). Special education or racial segregation Understanding variation in the representation of Black students in educable mentally handicapped programs.The Sociological Quarterly, 43(4), 575-605. Elhoweris, H. , Mutua, K. , Alsheikh, N. , & Holloway, P.(2005). Effect of childrens ethnicity on teachers referral and recommendation decisions in gifted and adroit programs. Remedial and Special Education, 26(1), 25-31. Ferri, B. A. , & Connor, D. J. (2005). In the shadow of Brown Special education and overrepresentation of students of color. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 93-100. Hosp, J. L. , & Hosp, M. K. (2002).Behavior differences between African American and Caucasian students Issues for assessment and intervention. Education and Treatment of Children, 24, 336-350. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2002).Predictors of unpermissiveness of placement of African American and Caucasian students. Exceptional Children, 14, 20-34. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2003). Referral grade for intervention and assessment A meta-analysis of racial differences. Journal of Special Education, 37, 67-81. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2004). Disproportionate representation of minority students in special education Academic, demographic and economic predictors. Exceptional Children, 70, 185-199. Kurlaender, M. , & Yun, J. T. (2007). Measuring school racial part and student outcomes in a multiracial society.American Journal of Education, 113, 213-235. Neal, L. V. , McCray, A. D. , Webb-Johnson, G. , & Bridgest, S. T. (2003). The effects of Af rican American movement styles on teachers perceptions and reactions. Journal of Special Education, 37, 49-57. OConnor, C. (2002). Black women beating the odds from one generation to the neighboring How the changing dynamics of constraint and opportunity affect the process of educational resilience. American Educational Research Journal, 39, 855-903. Park, J. , Turnball, A. P. , & Turnball, H. R. , III (2002).Impacts of pauperization on quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 68, 151-170. Shealey, M. W. , Lue, M. S. , Brooks, M. , & McCray, E. (2005). Examining the legacy of Brown The impact on special education and teacher practice. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 113-121. Skiba, R. J. , Michael, R. S. , Nardo, A. C. , & Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. Urban Review, 34, 317-342. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Gallini, S. , Simmons, A. B. , & Feggins-Azziz, R. (2006).Disparate access The disproportionality of African American students with disabilities across educational environments. Exceptional Children, 72, 411-424. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Simmons, A. B. , Feggins-Azziz, L. R. , & Chung, C. G. (2005). Unproven links Can poverty explain ethnic disproportionality in special education? Journal of Special Education, 39, 130-144. Zhang, D. , & Katsiyannis, A. (2002). Minority representation in special education A persistent challenge. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 180-187.

Dfhfd

How? to? Study? for? Economics?? 1. Be? best? friend? with? your? textbook.?? The? lecture? nones? argon? complements,? not? substitutes,? of? your? textbook.? a. If? you? draw? a? question,? chances? be? it? has? been? answered? in? your? textbook.?? Some? muckle? never? realize? that? because? they? never? read? their? textbook? (not? at? tout ensemble? or? not? carefully? enough).? b. Read? the? relevant? sections? immediately? by and by? the? class,? when? your? memory? is? the? freshest.? c. Before? the? next? class? begins,? spend? 15? to? 30? minutes? to? quickly? read? through? the? materials? overed? in? the? previous? class,? so? that? you? are? not? completely? lost? in? this? weeks? materials? and? you? come? the? context? of? todays? lecture,? especially? when? the? class? materials? are? cumulative.? 2. Dont? read? your? textbook? and? lecture? notes? superficially.?? mobilize? close? what? you? read.?? Question? what? you? read.? a. Check? whether? you? deduc t? the? logic? of? the? arguments.? b. Check? whether? you? pile? re? construct? the? logic? of? the? arguments? without? looking? at? your? notes? or? textbook.? c. Check? whether? you? feel? what? the? graphs? nd? mathematical? equations? mean? intuitively.? i. Do? you? know? what? the? slope? gist?? ii. Do? you? know? what? will? shift? the? curve?? iii. Do? you? know? what? the? mathematical? equations? mean? in? sincere? English???? iv. Can? you? condition? that? both? the? math? and? the? graphs? are? imagineing? the? same? thing? in? simple? English?? 3. Understand? that? math? is? really? a? language.?? So? you? should? be? able? to? say? what? the? mathematical? equations? say? in? simple? English.?? Similarly,? graphs? are? also? a? language.?? So? you? should? be? able? to? say? what? the? graphs? ay? in? simple? English? as? well.? 4. When? you? study,? dont? get a line? what? you? read,? understand? the? logic? and? the? arguments.? 5. When? you? answer? question s,? dont? regurgitate? e very(prenominal)thing? you? remember,? fail? the? problem? using? the? logic? and? arguments? that? you? understood.?? 6. Dont? think? you? can? smoke? through? the? final? exam? with? on? the? one? hand,? this? On? the? other? hand,? that. ? kind? answers.?? It? may? or? may? not? make water? worked? in? A? level.?? But? it? quite? certainly? wont? at? the? University.??? a. Advanced? scotchs? classes? ypically? subdue? to? teach? you? some? unique(predicate)? frameworks? (in? the? form? of? intuitive? concepts,? curves? in? graphs,? or? mathematical? equations).?? The? exam? questions? hence? test? your? ability? to? apply? these? frameworks? to? solve? a? problem.?? That? is? why? it? is? unattainable? to? smoke? your? way? out? of? the? exam.?? That? is? also? why? you? need? to? understand? the? logic,? reconstruct? that? logic? based? on? understanding,? and? analyze? the? problems? rather? than? read? what? you? read? and? regurgitate? them? i n? exam.? b. Some? exam? questions? are? of? he? type? that? if? you? havent? studied,? you? just? cannot? answer.?? But? this? is? good.?? This? is? the? value? added? of? the? course.?? Think? about? it.?? If? you? can? answer? the? questions? without? studying,? you? have? basically? wasted? your? information? money.?? Why? come? to? the? university??? What? have? you? learnt?? 7. Ask? yourself? how? you? will? use? the? concepts? and? economic? framework? you? have? learnt? to? understand? or? analyze? what? you? read? in? the? Economist? or? Wall? Street? Journal? or? all? relevant? economic? news? in? general.? 8. In? the? ideal? ituation,? try? to? solve? the? tutorial? questions? before? your? class.?? If? you? just? go? to? the? class? and? get word? to? the? TAs? solutions,? chances? are? everything? appears? intuitive? and? straightforward.?? But? if? you? have? tested? beforehand,? you? will? realize? that? it? is? an? illusion.?? When? you? have? to? do? it? in? the? exam,? suddenly? it? seems? very? uncertain? how? you? should? proceed,? as? there? seems? to? be? many? possibilities? and? you? are? not? sure? which? is? the? right? one? to? pursue.? a. But? who? are? we? kidding?? I? conceptualize? myself? a? ery? conscientious? student.?? Not? even? I? have? the? term? to? solve? every? tutorial? questions? beforehand.? b. So? in? reality,? instead? of? seek? to? spend? a? few? bits? to? solve? the? questions? beforehand,? spend? half? an? hour? before? your? tutorials? to? read? through? the? question? carefully.?? Outline? how? you? may? go? about? solving? it,? for? example,? think? about? what? framework? or? draw? will? be? needed? to? solve? the? questions,? and? how? the? answers? may? look? like.??? i. If? you? have? no? clue,? try? to? think? about? the? reasons? why? you?

Implementing Change

Implementing wobble in a department of organization elicitister be difficult. Management moldiness form a picture ahead implementing the change. The managing directors role and responsibility in implementing change indoors a department is very important. The tutors role is to assess the change that inevitably to take adorn, come up with a syllabus to implement a change, implement the change, and pronounce the change in a timely order. To have a successful implementation of a advanced fulfil, the four-in-hand must be moved in for each one note. The motorcoach must keep the provide involved and let the ply experience why the change is taking place and how it leave behind affect the relieve oneself process.The autobus faces many challenges such as meeting the organizations goals and act uponing with supply extremitys who might baulk the change. This paper will focus on the succeedrs role and responsibility in implementing change, the way a motorcoach sh ould successfully handle round resistance to change and define each step of the change process such as assessment, supply, implementation, and evaluation. When there is a change in the work process within the department, the carriages role and responsibility is to retrace sure the implementation of the changes takes place smoothly with the help of the staff.According to Sullivan &038 Decker (2009), the music director must be able to eliminate openly and honestly with the staff, support the staff if they are resisting the change, emphasize the validatory outcomes from initiating change, find solutions to problems that are obstacles to change and accept the constancy of change. The animal trainer must be able to identify the change, collect and analyze data, develop a conception, help the staff prepare for the change, prepare to handle resistance, provide feedback, and evaluate effectiveness of the change.The manager should involve the staff in the implementation of the mod ernistic work process. According to Knoer (2011), communication is one of the most important tools that a leader must utilize to successfully implement. If the manager does not involve the staff, the staff might believe their input is not important or their employment will be change. This can lead to resistance from staff and have a negative affect in the department. The staff can give managers their input on what areas should be center on and awaken concerns that management might look over.By having the staff involved the manager can prevent them from resisting the change or have a breach understanding of why the staff might be resisting and work on ways to lower the staff resistance. With change comes resistance. According to Fiedler (2010), resistance is considered to peradventure have positive and/or negative impact on a change, and to be exerted by internal or external environments. The department manager must be able to successfully handle resistance from staff members.S ome reasons why a staff member might resist the change is because he or she might not trust the manager, have a fear of failure, believe the change is unnecessary, staff may think if a certain change did not work in the early(prenominal) it will fail again, and the number one reason is the staff member might think he or she will lose their job. oppositeness can also come in the form of poor work habits, not showing up to work on time, calling in sick, and lack of interest in the change. The department manager can manage resistance by talking to staff members who are opposed to the change.By talking to the staff, the manager will understand the staffs concerns and illuminate any misunderstanding. The manager must be willing to listen to the staffs ideas but explain to the staff why the change needs to take place and the positive changes the implementation will bring to the department. The manager must keep open communication, support, and maintain trust of the resisting staff. A m anager can be successful with resisting staff if he or she is flexible, confident, realistic, staying focused on the big picture, by combining ideas, energizing the resistors with interests, and solves problems.The change process should be taken in steps of assessment, stick outning, implementation, and evaluation. The first step assessing the change requires collecting and analyzing important data. Assessing the department will help the manager contract what changes are needed, how to improve the quality of work, stay ahead of the competition, and how to approach the implementation. The plan is the second step and involves gathering the resources needed to implement the change. According to Lombardi &038 Schermerhorn, planning is the process of setting performance objectives and determining what actions should be taken to earn them (p. 7). By having a plan management can prevents mistakes and accidents from happening, without a plan the new change can become a chaos. Employees w ill be doing what they think is right and this can cause many problems between the staff and management. When management has a plan employees know what is expected of them and know how to get hold of the departments goals. The next step is to implement the change, where the plan is put into action. The manager has to make sure the staff has the resources needed for the change.If the staff needs to be train they should receive all trainings before the implementation of the change. This can help the manager keep employees focused and energized. The last step is the evaluation of the change. In this step the manager will evaluate the new step after a set amount of time. The evaluation allows the manger to see how the change has affected the department, whether the change is working, and meeting the goals required in the plan. When implementing change, the manager must knows his or her roles, responsibilities, and how to approach the staff.The manager should not decide what changes ne eds to take place without assessing the departments needs. The manager must take into context how the new change will affect the employees work process, productivity of the department, the morale of the department. Employees concerns should be taken into consideration as well as the expectation of resistance from some employees. At each phase of the change the manager must refer to the plan and must be able to evaluate the change in a timely manner. Implementing change can be difficult but if the manager follows the change process they will be successful.

Pifzer Inc.’s Cost of Capital and Capital Structure

Pfizer Inc. S terms of heavy(p) and outstanding structure Xiaoyue Shi The comprises of capital and capital structures for Pfizer Inc. and its ii competitors Merck & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Co. Inc. and Johnson & adenosine monophosphate Johnson in the pharmaceutical industry atomic number 18 analyse in this memo. When scheming the apostrophize of common carry for the terzetto companies, triplet different approaches including Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Discounted coin full stop (DCF) and the affixation yield positively charged risk premium are utilise ( accessory A). For CAPM approach ( externalize 1 & group A 3), the risk-free stray (rRF) utilise is the regularise on the U. S. 10-year Treasury coheres, which is 1. 66.The market risk premium (RPM) is the required harvest-home on the stock market minus rRF. The required market descend utilise here is the average 20 geezerhood rates of deliver on S& angstromP 500. With naughtyest beta (0. 71) , Merck has the higher estimated greet of righteousness (6. 167). Pfizer has lower estimated cost of equity (5. 910) with lower beta (0. 67). Because of the low beta (0. 48), Johnson & Johnson has the lowest estimated cost of equity (4. 697). For DCF approach ( figure out 2 & 4), the stock price utilise is the current stock price. The pass judgment evolution rate (g) is the annualized harvest rate based on the dividend growth over the past 10 age.Among the trinity companies, Johnson & Johnson has the highest estimated cost of equity due to its highest expected growth rate in dividends. Pfizers estimated cost of equity is much lower than Johnson & Johnson. Having the lowest expected growth rate in dividends, Merck has the lowest cost of equity. For bond yield plus risk premium approach ( physique 5), the bond yield (Figure 7) for Pfizer, Merck and Johnson & Johnson are 2. 0724, 2. 5553, and 1. 9629 respectively. Since their betas are Pfizer 0. 67, Merck 0. 71 and Johnson & Johnson 0. 48, and all told below 1, the three companies judgmental risk premium estimated as 3. , 3. 4, and 3, respectively. According to the bond yield plus risk premium method, the estimated costs of equity are Pfizer 5. 3724, Merck 5. 9553, Johnson & Johnson 4. 9629. The last(a) estimated costs of equity for the three companies in this memo are the averages of the three approaches (Figure 6), and they are Pfizer 5. 83, Merck 4. 44, Johnson & Johnson 7. 36. The three companies do not draw out like stocks in public ( accompaniment B). Their costs of preferred stock would be zero. Although Pfizer offer favourite(a) stock for their employees, its costs of preferred stock still estimated as zero.According to the debt-rating organizations such as Moodys, S&P, the three companies bond ratings are precise high (Figure 7). The measure rates used for calculating the costs of debt are the average tax rates for the last quad years ( appurtenance C, Figure 10). And their after-tax cost of debts are similarly low, for example, Pfizer 1. 657, Merck 1. 991, Johnson & Johnson 1. 528 (Figure 9). When calculating the percentage of debt and common equity (Appendix D, Figure 12), the common equity used is the market mensurate of equity, and the bulk value of societys debt is used as a proxy of the market value of debt.According to the formula in Appendix D, the weighted average costs of capital (WACC) for the three companies are Pfizer 1. 86, Merck 2. 17, Johnson & Johnson 2. 15. The WACCs are quit low for the three companies as pharmaceutical giants. The debt symmetrys for last four years for the three companies were all around 50% (Appendix E, Figure 13). For example, in 2008, Pfizers debt ratio was 48. 1%, Merck was 55. 2%, Johnson & Johnson was 49. 9% in 2009, Pfizer was 57. 5%, Merck was 45. 5%, Johnson & Johnson was 46. 6% in 2010, Pfizer was 54. 7%, Merck was 46. 3%, Johnson & Johnson was 45% in 2011, Pfizer was 56. %, Merck was 45. 8%, Johnson & Johnson was 49. 8%. Pfizers debt ratios were a little higher than its two competitors. besides they all have quite similar capital structures with similar borrow capacities. The three companies assets are financed with around 50% equity, and their risks of bankruptcy are low. Because entangled in the pharmaceutical industry, the three companies are focusing on R&D, innovation and raise reapingivity, which are very costly for them. The three companies all have a lot borrowings. Drug development needs a lot of resources and quite inefficient.High failure rates cause a lot pharmaceutical companies unable to make profit and went bankruptcy. Based on the circumstances, the three companies all have very good capital structures in the pharmaceutical industry. They may have to figure out a itinerary to cut their costs, and have even better capital structures. Pfizer used quicken depreciation methods for tax purpose. Its depreciation & amortizat ion increased a lot since 2009 (Appendix F, Figure 14). For example, it was $5,090 million in 2008, and $4,757 million in 2009, only when it was $8487 million in 2010, and $9026 million in 2011.The huge increase in depreciation was mainly because of the merger with Wyeth in 2009. Merck mainly used speed depreciation methods for tax purpose except that its depreciation on intangibles was apply with primarily straight-line methods. Its depreciation & amortization overly increased since 2009. For instance, it was $1,631. 2 million in 2008, and $2,576 million in 2009, but it was $7,381 million in 2010, and $7,427 million in 2011. The increase in depreciation was also because of the merger. Merck was also involved in a merger with another pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough in 2009.Johnson & Johnson had quite stable depreciations. And the straight-line methods were applied in this company. The three companies all paid stable dividends in last four years (Appendix G). Pfizer paid lowest dividends among them. Johnson & Johnson paid highest dividends. Only Johnson & Johnson performed stock purchases (Figure 15 & 16). They (in shares) were 100,970 thousands in 2008, 37,114 thousands in 2009, 45,090 thousands in 2010, 39,741 thousands in 2011. And the property (in millions) used for stock repurchases was $6,651 in 2008, $2,130 in 2009, $2,797 in 2010, $2,525 in 2011.In my berth of view, Pfizer and its two competitors Merck and Johnson & Johnson all have low cost of capital. Although they all involved in a lot borrowings , they all have very good capital structures as pharmaceutical companies. The reason is that the costs in R&D and innovation are extremely high in the pharmaceutical industry. Reference 1. Brigham, Eugene F. and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management Theory and Practice, thirteenth Edition, Thompson South-Western, ISBN-13 978-14390-7809-9, ISBN-101-4390-7809-2 2. http//www. mergentonline. com/login. php 3. http//www. ho w. com/how_5833592_determine-target-debt-equity. html 4. http//cxa. gtm. idmanagedsolutions. com/finra/ draw togetherCenter/Watchlist. aspx 5. ww. finra. org 6. http//www3. valueline. com/vlquotes/quote. aspx Appendices Appendix A exist of common stock Appendix B terms of preferred stock Appendix C speak to of debt Appendix D Weighted come Cost of Capital (WACC) Appendix E Capital Structure Appendix F depreciation Appendix G Yearly dividend and share repurchase Appendix H measure out Line reports Appendix A Cost of common stock Equations used for calculating cost of common stockCAPM approach rS=rRF+(RPM)bi DCF approach The bond yield plus risk premium approach rS=Companys own bond yield + Judgmental risk premium Figure 1 CAPM Equation Variables Pfizer Merck J&J Risk unload treasure 1. 66 1. 66 1. 66 Required Rate of double back 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 of import 0. 67 0. 71 0. 48 Required Return on pains 5. 91 6. 17 4. 70 Required Return on transmission line P fizer Merck J&J 5. 91 6. 17 4. 70 Figure 2 Annualized dividend growth rate (g) PfizerYear substance dividend organic growth over 10 years Annualized growth rate (g) beside expected dividend 2011 0. 8 2010 0. 72 2009 0. 8 2008 1. 28 2007 1. 16 2006 0. 96 2005 0. 76 2004 0. 68 2003 0. 6 2002 0. 52 2001 0. 44 0. 818181818 6. 16% $0. 85 Merck Year Sum dividend full(a) growth over 10 years Annualized growth rate (g) Next expected dividend 2011 1. 56 2010 1. 52 2009 1. 52 2008 1. 52 2007 1. 52 2006 1. 52 2005 1. 52 2004 1. 5 2003 3. 976 2002 1. 3 2001 1. 39 0. 122302158 1. 16% $1. 58 J&J Year Sum dividend gist growth over 10 years Annualized growth rate (g) Next expected dividend 2011 2. 25 2010 2. 11 2009 1. 93 2008 1. 795 2007 1. 62 2006 1. 455 2005 1. 275 2004 1. 095 2003 0. 925 2002 0. 795 2001 0. 7 2. 214285714 12. 39% $2. 53 Figure 3 CAPM CAPM Risk Free Rate (1) Require d securities industry Return (2) Market Risk Premium (3)=(2)-(1) Beta (4) Estimated cost of justness (1)+(3)? (4) Pfizer 1. 66 8. 00 6. 34 0. 67 5. 10 Merck 1. 66 8. 00 6. 34 0. 71 6. 167 J&J 1. 66 8. 00 6. 34 0. 48 4. 697 Figure 4 DCF DCF billet monetary value (1) Next judge Dividend (2) Expected Growth Rate (3) Estimated cost of loveliness (2)/(1)+(3) Pfizer 25. 12 $0. 85 6. 16 6. 194 Merck 45. 62 $1. 58 1. 16 1. 195 J&J 67. 97 $2. 53 12. 39 12. 427 Figure 5 Bond leave plus Risk Premium Companys Bond stick out (1) Judgmental Risk Premium (2) Estimated cost of candour (1)+(2) Pfizer 2. 0724 3. 3 5. 3724 Merck 2. 5553 3. 4 5. 9553 J&J 1. 629 3 4. 9629 Figure 6 Estimated Cost of Equity Estimated Cost of Equity Pfizer 5. 83 Merck 4. 44 J&J 7. 36 Figure 7 Bond Data Bond Data Bond Symbol Issuer Name Coupon Maturity due Moodys SP Fitch Price Yield PFE. GF PFIZER INC 4. 65 3/1/18 No A1 AA A+ 116. 189 1. 501 PFE. GI PFIZER INC 4. 5 2/15/14 No A1 AA A+ 105. 468 0. 367 PFE. GM PFIZER INC 7. 2 3/15/39 Yes A1 AA A+ 159. 019 3. 685 PFE. GO PFIZER INC 6. 2 3/15/19 Yes A1 AA A+ 127. 5 1. 66 PFE. GQ PFIZER INC 5. 5 3/15/15 Yes A1 AA A+ 111. 554 0. 521 PFE3666215 AMERICAN HOME PRODS CORP 7. 25 3/1/23 No A1 AA A+ 139. 65 2. 819 PFE3667744 WYETH 5. 5 2/15/16 Yes A1 AA A+ 115. 705 0. 715 PFE3667745 WYETH 6 2/15/36 Yes A1 AA A+ 134 3. 791 PFE3667909 PHARMACIA CORP 6. 5 12/1/18 Yes A1 AA A+ 128. 14 1. 677 PFE3667915 PHARMACIA CORP 6. 75 12/15/27 No A1 AA A+ 137. 221 3. 552 PFE3667927 PHARMACIA CORP 6. 6 12/1/28 Yes A1 AA A+ 138. 179 3. 484 PFE3670301 WYETH 5. 45 4/1/17 Yes A1 AA A+ 119. 153 1. 044 PFE3670315 WYETH 5. 95 4/1/37 Yes A1 AA A+ 135 3. 5 PFE3702946 WYETH 5. 5 3/15/13 Yes A1 AA A+ 101. 977 0. 706 PFE3703979 PHARMACIA CORP 8. 7 10/15/21 No A1 AA A+ 142. 03 - PFE3704635 WYETH 5. 5 2/1/14 Yes A1 AA A+ 106. 52 0. 421 PFE3704636 WYETH 6. 45 2/1/24 Yes A1 AA A+ 138. 004 2. 553 PFE3704637 WYETH 6. 5 2/1/34 Yes A1 AA A+ 139. 025 3. 807 PFE3706578 PHARMACIA CORP 8. 2 4/15/25 Yes A1 AA A+ 101. 5 - PFE3739069 KING PHARMACEUTICALS INC 1. 25 4/1/26 Yes NR NR NR 99. 99 1. 25 Average 2. 072388889 MRK. GA MERCK CO INC 6. 3 1/1/26 No Aa3 AA A+ 138. 945 2. 76 MRK.GB MERCK CO INC 6. 4 3/1/28 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 137. 464 3. 278 MRK. GC MERCK CO INC 5. 95 12/1/28 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 133. 211 3. 28 MRK. GF MERCK CO INC MTN BE 5. 76 5/3/37 No Aa3 AA A+ 131 3. 808 MRK. GG MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 11/27/40 No Aa3 AA A+ 98. 25 - MRK. GH MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 12/21/40 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 98 - MRK. GI MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 12/27/40 No Aa3 AA A+ 98. 5 - MRK. GJ MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 2/6/41 No Aa3 AA A+ 98 - MRK. GK MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 6/21/41 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 100 - MRK. GL MERCK amp CO INC MTN BE - 7/18/41 No Aa3 AA A+ 97. 75 - MRK. GM MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 12/21/41 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 100 - MRK. GN MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 11/28/41 No Aa3 AA A+ 98. 25 - MRK. GQ MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 8/2 2/42 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 98. 275 - MRK. GR MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 2/18/43 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 99. 875 - MRK. GT MERCK CO INC MTN BE - 2/12/44 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 100 - MRK. GU MERCK CO INC 4. 75 3/1/15 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 109. 512 0. 699 MRK. GV MERCK CO INC 5. 75 11/15/36 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 135. 683 3. 536 MRK. GW MERCK CO INC 4. 8 2/15/13 No Aa3 AA A+ 101. 369 0. 194 MRK. GX MERCK CO INC NEW 3. 88 1/15/21 Yes A1 AA A+ 114. 717 1. 883 MRK3671638 SCHERING PLOUGH CORP 6. 55 9/15/37 Yes Aa3 AA A+ 149. 11 3. 56 Average 2. 555333333 JNJ. GA ALZA CORP DEL - 7/14/14 Yes Aa1 abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm 152. 8 - JNJ. GC ALZA CORP - 7/28/20 Yes Aa1 abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm 98. 75 - JNJ. GH JOHNSON JOHNSON 6. 73 11/15/23 No abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm 145. 758 2. 083 JNJ. GI - 11/1/24 No NR NR NR 104. 36 - JNJ. GJ JOHNSON JOHNSON 6. 95 9/1/29 No abdominal aortic aneurysm abdominal aortic aneurysm AAA 144. 925 3. 422 JNJ. GL JOHNSON JOHNSON 3. 5/15/13 No Aaa AAA AAA 102. 04 0. 263 JNJ. GM JOHNSON JOHNSON 4. 95 5/15/33 No Aaa AAA AAA 121. 154 3. 499 JNJ. GO JOHNSON JOHNSON 5. 55 8/15/17 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 121. 81 0. 932 JNJ. GP JOHNSON JOHNSON 5. 95 8/15/37 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 143. 163 3. 369 JNJ. GQ JOHNSON JOHNSON 5. 15 7/15/18 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 123. 223 0. 982 JNJ. GR JOHNSON JOHNSON 5. 85 7/15/38 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 143. 093 3. 341 JNJ. GS JOHNSON JOHNSON 2. 95 9/1/20 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 107. 12 1. 969 JNJ. GT JOHNSON JOHNSON 4. 5 9/1/40 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 123. 32 3. 229 JNJ. GU JOHNSON JOHNSON - 5/15/13 No Aaa AAA AAA 100. 154 - JNJ. GV JOHNSON JOHNSON - 5/15/14 No Aaa AAA AAA 100. 322 - JNJ. GW JOHNSON JOHNSON 2. 15 5/15/16 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 105. 523 0. 588 JNJ. GX JOHNSON JOHNSON 4. 85 5/15/41 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 125. 764 3. 428 JNJ. GY JOHNSON JOHNSON 1. 2 5/15/14 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 101. 399 0. 311 JNJ. GZ JOHNSON JOHNSON 3. 55 5/15/21 Yes Aaa AAA AAA 113. 786 1. 807 JNJ. HA JOHNSON JOHNSON 0. 7 5/15/13 No Aaa AAA AAA 100. 278 0. 22 Average 1. 62866667 Appendix B Cost of preferred stock Figure 8 Cost of best-loved blood line Cost of Preferred Stock Preferred Dividend (1) Preferred Stock Price (2) Floatation Cost (3) Component cost of Preferred Stock(1)/(2)*(1-(3)) Pfizer N/A N/A N/A esteem Merk N/A N/A N/A VALUE JJ N/A N/A N/A VALUE Appendix C Cost of debt After-tax cost of debt=rd(1-T) Figure 9 After-tax cost of debt After levy Component Cost of Debt Interest Rate Tax Rate Cost of Debt Pfizer 2. 072388889 0. 2003 1. 657289394 Merck 2. 555333333 0. 221 1. 990604667 JJ 1. 962866667 0. 2218 1. 2750284 Figure 10 fringy tax rate Company Pfizer Merck JJ Year 2011 2010 2009 2008 2011 2010 2009 2008 2011 2010 2009 2008 Income in the first place tax 12,764 9,282 10,674 9,694 7,334 1,653 15,290 9,931 12,361 16,947 15,755 16,929 Provision for tax 4,023 1,071 2,145 1,645 942 671 2,268 1,999 2,689 3,613 3,489 3,980 Tax rate 0. 3152 0. 1154 0. 2010 0. 1697 0. 1284 0. 4059 0. 1483 0. 2013 0. 2175 0. 2132 0. 2215 0. 2351 Average tax rate 0. 2003 0. 2210 0. 2218 Appendix D Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Figure 11 WACC WACC % of Debt Cost of Debt % of Preferred Stock Cost of Preferred Stock % of everyday Equity Cost of Common Equity WACC Pfizer 95. 15% 1. 66 4. 85% 5. 83 1. 86 Merck 92. 50% 1. 99 7. 50% 4. 44 2. 17 JJ 89. 26% 1. 53 10. 74% 7. 36 2. 15 % of Debt, and % of Common Equity are the target proportions. Figure 12 Calculating the percentage of debt and common equity Pfizer Merck JJ Shares outstanding (million) 7,470 3,050 2,750 Market value per share 26. 03 47. 96 72. 52 Market value of equity ($ million), E 194,444. 146,278. 0 199,430. 0 Book value of equity per share 10. 64 18. 16 20. 95 Total book value of equity 79,480. 8 55,388. 0 57,612. 5 Debt/Equity ratio 48. 26 32. 91 29. 07 Book value of debt 3,835,743. 41 1,822,819. 08 1,674,795. 38 Cash on hand 24,340 17,450 16,920 Net debt ($ million), D 3,811,403 1,805,369 1,657,875 Percentage of debt, D/(E+D) 95. 15% 92. 50% 89. 26% Percentage of equity, E/(E+D) 4. 85% 7. 50% 10. 74% Appendix E Capital Structure Figure 13 Capital Structure Capital Structure Pfizer 2011 2010 2009 2008 Long status Debt* 34,931,000. 00 38,410,000 43,193,000 7,963,000 Common Stock* 445,000 444,000 443,000 443,000 Retained Earnings* 46,210,000 42,716,000 40,426,000 49,142,000 Redeemable Preferred Stock* 45,000 52,000 61,000 73,000 Total 81,631,000. 00 81,622,000. 00 84,123,000. 00 57,621,000. 00 % of Debt 42. 79% 47. 06% 51. 35% 13. 82% % of Preferred Stock 0. 06% 0. 06% 0. 07% 0. 13% % of Common Equity 57. 15% 52. 88% 48. 58% 86. 05% Total % 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% Average/ lead % of Debt 38. 75% 95. 15% Average/ fool % of Preferred Stock 0. 08% 0. 00% Average/Target % of Common Equity 61. 17% 4. 85% Total Debt* 105,381,000 106,749,000 122,503,000 53,408,000 T otal Assets* 188,002,000 195,014,000 212,949,000 111,148,000 Total Debt/Total Assets 56. 1% 54. 7% 57. 5% 48. 1% Merck 2011 2010 2009 2008 Long Term Debt* 15,525,000 15,482,000 16,074,900 3,943,300 Common Stock* 1,788,000 1,788,000 1,781,300 29,800 Retained Earnings* 38,990,000 37,536,000 41,404,900 43,698,800 Redeemable Preferred Stock* Total 56,303,000. 0 54,806,000. 00 59,261,100. 00 47,671,900. 00 % of Debt 27. 57% 28. 25% 27. 13% 8. 27% % of Preferred Stock 0. 00% 0. 00% 0. 00% 0. 00% % of Common Equity 72. 43% 71. 75% 72. 87% 91. 73% Total % 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% Average/Target % of Debt 22. 81% 92. 50% Average/Target % of Preferred Stock 0. 00% 0% Average/Target % of Common Equity 77. 19% 7. 50% Total Debt* 48,185,000 48,976,000 50,597,100 26,028,600 Total Assets* 105,128,000 105,781,000 112,089,700 47,195,700 Total Debt/Total Assets 45. % 46. 3% 45. 1% 55. 2% JJ 2011 2010 2009 2008 Long Term Debt* 12,969, 000 9,156,000 8,223,000 8,120,000 Common Stock* 3,120,000 3,120,000 3,120,000 3,120,000 Retained Earnings* 81,251,000 77,773,000 70,306,000 63,379,000 Redeemable Preferred Stock* Total 97,340,000. 00 90,049,000. 00 81,649,000. 00 74,619,000. 00 % of Debt 13. 32% 10. 17% 10. 07% 10. 88% % of Preferred Stock 0. 00% 0. 00% 0. 00% 0. 00% % of Common Equity 86. 68% 89. 83% 89. 93% 89. 12% Total % 100. 00% 100. 0% 100. 00% 100. 00% Average/Target % of Debt 11. 11% 89. 26% Average/Target % of Preferred Stock 0. 00% 0% Average/Target % of Common Equity 88. 89% 10. 74% Total Debt* 56,564,000 46,329,000 44,094,000 42,401,000 Total Assets* 113,644,000 102,908,000 94,682,000 84,912,000 Total Debt/Total Assets 49. 8% 45. 0% 46. 6% 49. 9% * $ in thousands Appendix F Depreciation Figure 14 Depreciation Depreciation USEFUL LIVES Pfizer (YEARS) 2011 2010 2009 2008 Type deepen depreciation methodsClasses of Assets and Depreciation Ranges Land twists 33 1/3-50 Machinery and equipment 8-20 Furniture, fixtures and other 3-12 1/2 body structure in progress Depreciation Amortization** 9,026 8,487 4,757 5,090 Merck USEFUL LIVES (YEARS) 2011 2010 2009 2008 Type Accelerated depreciation methods Classes of Assets and Depreciation Ranges Buildings 10-50 Machinery Equipment 3-15 Capitalized software 3-5 Construction in progress Products and product rights, trade names and patents 3-40 Primarily straight- line methods Depreciation Amortization** 7,427 7,381 2,576 1,631. 2 JJ USEFUL LIVES (YEARS) 2011 2010 2009 2008 Type Straight- line methods Classes of Assets and Depreciation Ranges Building and building equipment 2040 Land and leasehold improvements 1020 Machinery and equipment 213 Capitalized software 3-8 Depreciation Amortization** 3,158 2,939 2,774 2,832 ** $ in millions Appendix G Ye arly dividend and share repurchase Figure 15 Stock repurchase (in shares) and dividends Stock Repurchaces and Dividends Pfizer 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* N/A N/A N/A N/A Dividends ($) 0. 8 0. 72 0. 8 1. 28 Merck 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* N/A N/A N/A N/A Dividends ($) 1. 56 1. 52 1. 52 1. 52 JJ 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* 39,741 45,090 37,114 100,970 Dividends ($) 2. 25 2. 11 1. 93 1. 795 Number of Shares (Thousands) Figure 16 Stock repurchase (in U. S. dollars) and dividends Stock Repurchaces and Dividends Pfizer 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* N/A N/A N/A N/A Dividends ($) 0. 8 0. 72 0. 8 1. 28 Merck 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* N/A N/A N/A N/A Dividends ($) 1. 56 1. 52 1. 52 1. 52 JJ 2011 2010 2009 2008 Stock Repurchaces* (2,525) (2,797) (2,130) (6,651) Dividends ($) 2. 25 2. 11 1. 93 1. 795 * $ in millions Appendix H Value Line reports

Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion

For this appointee I am going to discuss Freuds perspective of temperament learning. Freud apply psychoanalytic theories that be based around the emotional development of the personality, w here(predicate)as Eriksons psychosocial scheme focuses more on the role of social factors in development. Personality development discharge be broken down into three strands within Freuds system the personality structure, defense lawyers mechanisms and psycho internal development.Personality can be specify as the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individuals personal style, and act upon his or her interactions with the environment. (Atkinson et al, 1992)Freud create his theories by psychoanalysing adults, mostly middle-aged women and individuals with personality problems. He utilize various methods to study his patients, such as, dream analysis which argon interpretations of individuals dreams as they are a window on the un adv ised (Davenport, 1988), giving association where the person is given a word or a phrase and encouraged to say the prime(prenominal) thing that enters their head and slips of the tongue which is when a person says both(prenominal)thing in error but these can subconsciously devise what they really mean.Freud suggests that adult personality is derived from the interaction between the likings for pleasure and how previous(predicate) desires were gratified. He believed that all piece behaviour is controlled by drives, which he relates to human instincts. Freud insisted that there are two forces feeding our instinctual urges with energy the Libido and the Death soul the Libido macrocosm a sexual energy and the Death Instinct being more of an aggressive energy.According to Freud, the adult human mind is do up of three contrastive transgresss and levels of awareness the unconscious mind, which he named the Id the preconscious mind, which he named the Superego, and the conscious mind, which he named the self-importance.The Id is at the centre of a persons real being. It is the initial part of a humans personality structure, which exists, right from birth and can be described as the most primitive instinct. This part of the personality craves satisfaction and pleasure therefore it has been coined the pleasure principle.The Ego is cognize as the second part of the personality structure. This is the part of our personality that perseveres us in touch with reality. Its aim is to protect us and it helps us to perform tasks safely therefore-coined the reality principle. The Ego controls both other move of the personality, the Id and the Superego, which help keep our lives in balance.The last part of the personality structure is the Superego. This is the part that moulds our moral philosophy and conscience. It helps prevent us from doing things, which we devote learnt and know to be morally hurt therefore this part has been coined the morality principle. T he ego ideal exists as part of the superego. Rather than telling us what we should not do, the ego ideal tells us what is good and what we should do and be bid. If the person has a strong superego they are more likely to spend a penny stronger morals than a person with a weak superego.Because the Id and the Superego are al elans conflicting against one another(prenominal), the Ego postulate to have strategies to reduce anxiety. This helps push problems away and in a way pretending the problems dont exist, a form of denial, these are known as defence mechanisms. Another defence mechanism is repression this is where the Ids impulses are blocked from reaching the conscious mind. There are a number of other defence mechanisms, including ejection where unacceptable desires or characteristics are projected on to someone else, and version this refers to the transfer of repressed desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object. (Mike Cardwell, 2000) Freuds contributions with his theories on defence mechanisms are hush being practiced nowadays and are experienced as valid and useful.According to Freud we acquire our personalities in several stages, known as psychosexual development. Freud thought that different parts of our bodies capture particularly sensitive as we larn through these different stages he called these areas erogenous zones. (Davenport, 1988)As children grow up and are experiencing the stages of psychosexual development, different parts of their bodies become more sensitive, first the mouth, thusly the anus, then the phallus, and finally the genitals. The libido seeks pleasure through these erogenous zones.The five different stages of psychosexual development are labelled asThe Oral Stage this is the first year of a babys life where the baby gains pleasure from sucking and biting. The Id exists here right from birth.The Anal Stage this is around the age of one to nigh three years where the pleasure derives from retaining and expellin g faeces. At this stage the Ego begins to develop.The Phallic Stage this is around three until six years where the esthesia is placed around the genitals. This is the where the Oedipal Complex or the Electra Complex unfolds. It is during this stage the Superego starts to develop.The latent period Period this is around seven until twelve years where the body seems to have no sensitised area. A child depart be more interested in interacting with other people but are not strongly attracted to others.The Genital Stage this is around the age of 14 to 17 years. The child becomes more aware of the opposite gender and a sexual awareness is developed.The Oedipal Conflict that occurs in the Phallic Stage involves the child experiencing feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent. The child experiences a fear that the same sex parent will find out and punish them for this, resulting in feelings of envy and the development of expurgation anxiety. Whilst all this is happening to the ch ild subconsciously, they start to become more like the same sex parent adopting their characteristics to conquer the Oedipal Conflict, (known as the Electra Complex in girls). This is known as Identification. His ideas on psychosexual development are known to be quite controversial, as they seem to be overly obsessed with sexuality. Freud developed the theory that sex was a major motivational force at a time of spectacular sexual repression. This could have caused sex to be something that was repressed in more minds (Beryard & Hayes, 1994).Freud alleges emotional disturbances that occur in adult life could be to do with poor psychosexual development. He believes that a person could be fixated at an early pleasure seeking stage of the development. This is caused if the child experiences severe problems or excessive gratification at any of the stages. The adult may display regression whereby their behaviour could become less mature and similar to behaviour displayed at the stage, which they are fixated. Freud places great importance on the roles of regression and fixation in determining personality.Freuds theories have not been without criticism, they have mostly been criticised for being unscientific. His research support seems to be rather weak as the case studies he carried out chiefly consisted of adults, mostly middle-aged women, from the same culture, so the results may be biased. The notwithstanding child Freud studied was Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, who suffered from a phobia.Freuds evidence for his explanation of how childrens personalities grow does not come from experiments or any scientifically acceptable means of data collection. It doesnt even come from observing normal children. It comes from the dreams and spoken memory of a relatively small number of people who mostly lived in Vienna, who had some personality problems. (Davenport, 1988) Another method Freud used to analysis people was hypnosis. This was another widely criticised me thod, as even Freud admitted himself can be suggestive.However, despite many criticisms Freud remains known for having the most influential impact in advance(a) psychology, especially in the areas of abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy. Today his ideas are used in everything from childcare, education, literary criticism, and psychiatry. He founded the psychoanalytic movement, which today many Neo-Freudians still actively use, although the emphasis of it is different.

The Most Advantageous Feature of A.I.

The most advantageous feature and machine accomplishment is that its applications are virtually destineless. It is a highly complex process, but shadow be tailored to just about any situation that you lowlife imagine. It has the potence to streamline almost any automated process, from production to existence the first line of customer interaction. We are already starting to draw rudimentary forms of this software in things like chat bots on incorporated websites that help direct customer traffic.This technology is still in its early childhood and many companies and software developers are still figuring out what its potential applications could be. It is a process that many people are eager to gift in early on in hopes that one day it volition become more intelligent and efficient. In the end however, the only limit to this technology is the human imagination. build on from here, larab humans bring something to the table in the association between human and computer and tec hnology in these days. here are some main advantages/benefits of this partnership between humans and computers and technology. Efficiency, objectivity, and scalability. It is enthralling to allow slow and well-defined tasks such as certain types of heed create and straightforward calculations to a particular Artificial Intelligence algorithmic program. non only does it decrease the costs of these processes greatly, but it also frees up employees clip to focus on more elaborate, creative and inner problem resolving power with humans.AI customer service in business is really exhaustively example of this. This helps works to focus on human related work more. The human brain is more focused on our recognition of truth. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence is by definition objective. It doesnt design an assent before having analyzed a acceptable amount of data. In strange to a human being, an algorithm does not make any arrogance on what the expected conclusion of an anal ysis should be.Therefore, AI ( artificial intelligence) is a great deal develop satisfactory for tasks requiring impartiality. Humans are able to inspect things better if they delete the un grievous details.after all, sometimes details are really important to really appreciate a certain situation. One of the advantages of an AI algorithm is that it can take the smallest details into account and translate this to the bigger picture.

Lost Time Is Never Found Again

It was Ben Franklin who said lost time is never found again. Mr. gum benzoin Franklinalso said Remember that time is funds. Each of us has further 24 hours per day. Neither more nor less minute. Those of us that maintain a full time job know very well that we mete out our time weekly in exchange for money. Some of us cook more money for less time and of course the opposite is true. nowadays there are two categories of people. People from the first group elaborate hard in order to make enough for a living, to run across their basic needs.While the others consider money as a way to promote more power and better social position, sometimes even friends. They verbalise Money makes the world go round and time represents only money for them. In my opinion, there dealnot exist any statement that is undoubtedly true. And in this way, we are not able to say whether time is money or not. Some people will always believe that time is only money but nothing else others will defend t he opposite thesis.All of us should realize that the material world around us makes time money. I confess that all of us should be realists. No one potentiometer lead normal life without enough money. People constantly exercise in order to earn. And they need time. It is mainly money for them. Their credo is applyt lose time, make money Certainly, interests, requests, opinions of other people can and should be considered by you at definition of how you spend yours of time. But nevertheless, the final examination decision always for you.

Expected Shortfall Essay

agency I describes the calculation ofVaR in its accomplished form. For illustrative purposes, Part I will describe parametric VaR on a Gaussian distri entirelyion. Part II summarizes known weaknesses in VaR, from inherent vex and estimation danger to VaRs failure to perform to a lower place extreme economic stress and VaRs failure to sate the theoretical constraints on coherent measurements of lay on the line. Part Ill describes how to calculate anticipate shortfall as an extension of conditional VaR.It further describes how expected shortfall, but not VaR, provides a coherent measure of risk. Part Ill hence reverses field. It explains how VaR, but not expected shortfall (or, for that matter, nearly every opposite general spectral measure of risk), satisfies the mathematical requirement of elicitability. Mathematical limitations on measures of risk therefore force regulators and bankers to choose in the midst of coherence and elicitability, between theoretically sound con solidation of diverse risks (on one hand) and reliable backtesting of risk forecasts against historical observations.Justin Smith Morrill Professor of Law, Michigan State University (effective July 1, 2013). This paper summarizes a presentation made on April 17, 2013, at Georgetown Law Centers colloquium on international financial regulation, conducted by Professor Christopher J. drummer. I pry comments by Adam Candeub and Jeffrey Sexton. Special thanks to Heather Elaine Worland Chen. Jim Chen paginate 1 Electronic copy availableConventional VaR kindred modern portfolio theory and the entire edifice of quantitative finance derived from those beginnings,l conventional value-at-risk analysis assumes that risk is rguably represents the most important legal document for evaluating market risk as one of several threats to the global financial system. Basel II identifies a version ofVaR analysis as that accords preferred tool for assessing banks exposure to market risk. 4 Authorities around the world fetch endorsed VaR, either as a regulator standard or as a best practice. Even absent regulatory compulsion, private firms routinely use VaR as an internal risk management tool, oftentimes directing traders to reduce exposure below the level prescribed by those firms own VaR limits.

Philosophy Of Education In Early Childhood Education Essay

My Philosophy of upbringing in Early puerility Education Pre-primary institutions mark the beginning of schooling for early childhood on their unfavorable stage of growth. Teachers of kindergarten atomic number 18 going on a bearing to promote the whole-person development of the early childhood. During the teaching process, both experiences and theory are embraced in regularise to provide early childhood a beloved quality of raising. Cerebration is the foundation of action and theory is the controller of practice. pedagog wants to achieve the improvements on education need to sure that the improvement tin endure the time and trials.It needs to assist with philosophy of education (Lin, 2011, P. 3). Teachers should go their own philosophy of education in order to achieve a true performance on education. For me, Topic Write an essay to register your own Philosophy of Education in Early childhood Education upgrade, children-centered computer programme and promote critical - intellection are the three main philosophies. For encourage, it implies two indications. They are providing an encouraging milieus and giving children encouragements. The definition of the former unmatchable is to ask teacher to decorate a pleasurable and welcoming environment previously.For example, to decorate the classroom with colorful flowers like a garden. It jakes mystify children relieve without any fear. My idea is supported by Reggio Emilias approach. He recognized environment is a teacher. In addition, teacher should reset the environment while celebrating festival or teaching new unit of mensuration in order to allow children to visit under a harmonized environment and boost the learning efficiency. Alternatively, if the classroom is lacking of entertaining decoration, it go forth give children the aromaing of solemn and create stress which make them can non behave well.The definition of the later one is to give children encouragements by appreciating what they have done. When children finish the task or answer question, say good, well-done to them. Even they get the wrong the answers, teacher can still give them a smile and ask them to try again. Children whitethorn feel confident after getting the encouragements from teacher. As children want to get teachers praise, they may present on their best way and will be more participative. As a result,children can learn peacefully during school days. besides encourage, I promote curriculum to be children-centered.That is to teach what children prefer. Childrens aspirations are their free will. That is inborn, but unluckily be destroyed (Montessori, 1972, P. 56). This philosophy is affected by Reggio Emilia as well. He promoted child-centered which was to plane according to childrens interest. Children in early childhood are full of curiosity. As a teacher, we should satisfy their learning desires and plan curriculum based on their interests. Teacher may ask children what they want to ro ll in the hay during circle time, or though daily contact and observation.By readiness corresponding curriculum of what children desired, it can prove that children will be concerned on it. On the other hand, children may feel that their views are beingness understood and accepted. A better relationship will be make between children and teacher. Furthermore, I would also like to promote critical opinion in my philosophy. By implementing the 334 new academic structure on 2009, across-the-board study became an obligatory subject. It implies that Hong Kong highlights critical thinking on our next genesis nowadays. There are no doubts that skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking are in the key learning area.However, it is reminded that critical thinking should not be wanting(p) in early childhood. Children are chess opening inborn, to develop childrens initiative is an important mission for teacher (Lin, 2011, P. 165). For children in early childhood, teacher may arrange experiment for children to do and guide them to record down the result. Besides, minor project can be hold frequently in order to give chances for children to learn from themselves. It is vital that teacher guide children to respond on certain unit but not by teaching though spoon-fed education blindly.The major premise of the educational innovation is student, based on assisting everyone to achieve whole-person development though lifelong learning (Kennedy, 2011, P. 53). The cultivation of critical thinking can help children on line solving and learn more efficiently in their study. As result, achieve and support the stopping point of lifelong learning. I ASSENT MONTESSORI AND MY PHILOSOPHY ARE GREATLY A? ECTED BY IT. IT highlights the importance of providing environments and giving freedom to children.Well-prepared learning materials can pass children to learn, environment is the first element to be drive learning. Moreover, I asseverate that freedom should be giv en to student for what they want to learn. Creativity and problem solving talent can cultivate in the meanwhile for children. Besides the above discussed philosophy, here are other thoughts about my opinion on philosophy of education.One of my secondary school teachers said that education isdistinct with other career as teachers are constructing heart to heart relationship with students. That is so true since teacher need to work with their sincere mind. For me, I do think that passion is one of the main elements of being a teacher.Without the passion, teacher may feel dull and fatigue of the job easily. Yet, a teacher work with enthusiasm may review and alter the measurement all the time depending on the needs of children. Teacher is having a place of educating and socializing children, what teacher did will have positive effect on childrens personal growth. To sum up, encourage, children-centered curriculum and promote critical- thinking are the elements for teaching in the early childhood education.Since children may get under ones skin psychological and emotion frustration on adapting a new  bionomical environment from homes. So, teacher should provide encouraging environments and give children encouragements. Curriculum should be plan accord to the interests, developmental characteristics and learning needs of children but not the teacher.Also, critical thinking is necessary to be trained in childrens early age. References Lin, Y. T. (2011). Philosophy of Early Childhood Education TW WU-NAN. Montessori, Maria. (1972). The Secret of Childhood NY Ballantine Books. Kennedy K. J. (2011) Interpret the new trend of HKs education HK The Chinese University Press.

To what extent was the vietnam war part of the cold war

To what extent was the Vietnam War part of the Cold War? The Vietnam state of struggle was a cold war-era mllltary divergence In southeast Asia. conflict officially began on November 1st In 1955 and ended on April thirtieth 1975 with the discover of Saigon. With that it lasted nearly 20 years, which makes it one of the longest military conflicts ever In human history. The war was fought between the communistic northern Viet seducese and the Anti-communlsuc south. The trade union was supported by various nations, including the Soviet union, China, Cuba, Bulgaria and any others.The south, which was supposedly the by far weaker armament, was also supported by a number of countries, the US, southwesterly Korea, Australia, Spain and Thailand are only a few of the numerous supporters ot the South. The main trouble in the war for the Anti-Communist forces was the Vietcong. which was a lightly armed south Vietnamese communist Guerrilla which was hard to fght, especially for the hea vily armed US army. The Vietcong dug complicated tunnel systems and trenches to fight the US In to them abstruse territory.The Vietcong referred this Guerrilla warfare in the rainforests to open battle. The Vietcong also used traps, mines and their familiarity of the region to bring a whole load of trouble upon the US troops. This resulted in heavy bombing raids by the US Air force, this was wide criticised around the whole world as it was seen as a pique of the human rights that the US bombed North Vietnam with napalm bombs. In total, more bombs were dropped on North Vietnam during the Vietnam War than on Germany in the Second human race WarIn 1968 the Guerrilla warfare stopped and during the national Tet holiday (from hich the fervour got its name Tet offensive) the North Vietnamese army started an assault against over 100 Vietnamese Cities, including the US embassy in Saigon. Although the Anti-communist forces were Initially driven back, they were quick to recover and affli cted back Immediately, decimating the ranks of the North Vietnamese Vietnam was the battlefield where the cold war was genuinely really fought, non only talked about or empty threats cosmos thrown at each other. The united States used Vietnam to blow an attack against Communism in the world.Extinguishing communism was the major goal of the United States in the cold war and in Vietnam they had the perfect region to attack. The US and the Soviet union did not dare to attack each other directly. that is why they fought their war, also if not directly, in the muddy forests of Vietnam. None of them had the courage or the means to enter a direct conflict against the other, one tOf2 conflict during the cold war was not directly between the US and the Soviets as the Soviets only supported the North Vietnam army with money, ammunition and weapons.A direct interact from the Soviets would probably have ended in a 3rd World War as many nations were already involved in the war in Vietnam and the US could not let a direct Soviet attack unpunished. With that, it was better for the rest of the world that the Soviet Union did not directly involve itself in the fighting. A widely discussed topic is the resolution of the Vietnam War. According to various American sourcesl the Vietnam War was won by the US when they finally left the country in 1975.It is though generally cognize that the North Vietnamese won the war, hey took the capital of the south Saigon, on April 30th 1975 and with that won the war. The South Vietnamese army was defeated and left with a total of 800,00 casualties (military and civilian). The US had a total of 58,220 dead soldiers additional 303,644 soldiers were wounded. The Anti-Communist army had a total of 670,000-1 casualties whereas the North Vietnamese had about 600,000-1 losses. Concluding, the Vietnam War was a huge, if not the major, part of the Cold War.

Compare and contrast mongol rule Essay

During the 12th and 13th centuries the Mongolians swept across Eurasia and conquered several(a) tribes, including the Persians and Chinese. There are many slmllarltles and differences In the political and economic make of Mongol rule on the Abbasid Empire In Persia and on the kwai Dynasty In china. In both regions, the Mongols were relatively tolerant of all religions. However, they differed in that the Mongols yielded Persia to draw native administrators but did non allow China to. When the Mongols govern in Persia and China, they respected all the religions they encountered.In Persia, the Mongols were attracted to Islam and extra time they ssimilated to it. The Mongols were intrigued by Muslim society and by the year 1295, the Persian khanate had born-again to Islam. They built mosques passim the region and returned Islam toa privileged position of Persian society. The Mongols were overly tolerant of the other religions in Persia including. Nestorian Christianity, Buddhis m and Judaism. In China as well, the Mongols respected all cultural and religious traditions. They began to adopt some of Chinese culture, like ancestor worship.Khubilai Khan even built temples for his predecessors, so he could practice ancestor worship. The Mongols tolerated religions and belief systems such as, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism and Christianity. They allowed churches, temples and shrines to be built, because they wanted to sustain a good relationship with the people ot the region. Although the Mongols tolerated Confucianism, they did not allow It to have official carry. The Mongols effects on rellglon In Persia and china were quite similar.The Mongols ways of governing In Persia differed from how they governed In China. In Persia, the Mongols ruled using ideas from Persian bureaucracy. They make up up many district and nominate provincial governors. The highest government positions were held by Mongols, but Persians were allowed to be government offcers at lower levels. Persians served as state officials, ministers and provincial governors. The Mongols allowed the Persians to govern the ilkhanate because they knew the Persians had a no-hit government and would be able to maintain order.However, the Mongols required the Persians to deliver valuate receipts as a way of limiting Persian power. The Mongols set up government in China very differently than they had in Persia. The Mongols pushed native Chinese people to the bottom of the hierarchy. The Mongols got absolve of Civil Service Exams because they thought there was no need for them. They did not make use of Chinese administrative talent instead they had exotic administrators govern China. The governing staff included Persians, Arabs and some Europeans.The Mongols didnt want Chinese people to rule because all they wanted from China was to generate tax and have the people be cultivators. The Mongols governed and treated the Chinese and Persian people very differently. The Mongols poli tical and economic control on Persia and China were too In some ways and unalike in others. The treatment and leeway of religions in China ere very similar to that In Persia. Yet, the administrative control in Persia differed than the administrative control In China.The Mongols had multiple methods of ruling conquered regions, no(prenominal) 0T wnlcn were very successTul. However, tnrougnout the Mongols rule, they facilitated trade and encouraged long distance communication throughout Eurasia, which led to cultural diffusion that can still be seen today. Additionally, the Mongols support of Islam helped establish its popularity and encouraged its spread, which has contributed to Islam being the fastest growing and second largest religion.

If I Were a Millionaire

IF I WERE A MILLIONAIRE Everyone have dreams and every dream is different with each others. Some of them urgency to be a teacher, and some(prenominal) of them want to be an astronaut, but for me, I have in interesting and marvelous dream. My dream is to become a millionaire. I already have so many plans in my read/write head if the dreams become true. One of them is to start a recording studio. I result hold an audition to those who want to be a singer in future. At the end of the audition, I provide choose the best among them found on their talents to become one of my assets for my studio.Next step, I leave alone aim the most trustable producer to create songs for my singer. In order to build my studios reputation, I will try to promote my studio to the tribe and the society by using the power of media. Such as, television, newspapers, radio, magazines and so on. hence I will launch the albums for my singer to get people kindle and listen to my products. When the people interested to my studio, I will invite them curiously any other recording company to join my business and co operate with them in order to make my business bigger and sack more profit.Other than that, I will also do some kind of charity towards other people who really need it. This is through purposely to help them reducing the burden in their lives. For example, recently, we had heard a lot of news regarding disaster that happen in many countries such(prenominal) as terrible flood, tsunami, earthquake and so on. These unlucky people woolly-headed their houses and properties. They suffered cold and sun heat everyday. How could we imagine that they will survive in this kind of situation?As for that, I will help and brook them to continue their lives, such as providing them food, build a big planetary house in order to let them stay there temporary. Furthermore, I will also give scholarship to those who are in need including alternate and university students. I will support them until they have complete and success in their studies. I am willing to do so because I get it on the importance of education and I had been through this before. In order to acquire my dream, I am working hard and studying hard. I am also planning to start my business. Once I started my business, I will try all my best to make my dream come true.

Fire And Rescue Leadership Essay

The rapid and dynamic environment in which promote condom and turn in go ope tread require transformational leaders which stinkpot manage subsequent pressures in musical arrangements. lead is fundamental in rig workers in any organization towards achieving organisational objectives. The rapid changes that take place during a ignition speck post except be by rights managed through waxy working patterns and communion tools (Crosby, 2007 P. 10). Organizational leading is gener whollyy responsible for conniving visual sensation and communicating values that be invariable with the mission of the organization.Followers ar consequently coached on best practices and procedures for giving and receiving feedback on sensitive matters to the organization. Exchange of ideas inwardly the organization is a product of harmonious dealings between the leader and workers. It is this exchange of ideas and interaction between leadership and followers that inspires squadwork and tonus writ of execution at workplace. Changes must be befittingly factored in the planning of an organization. evoke pitch demands effective and whilely conversation of information in order to countermand flame disasters getting out of hand. go up and fork over leadership is the pivot rough which trading operations and tasks ar managed for synthetic rubber and goals to be achieved. Literature review Group and team managers working in ignore post are the principle leaders who strategize mass and explain it to employees. Lifelong learning, emotional intuition and self awareness are rattling important leadership at all levels (Cote, 2003 P. 14). combustion outbreaks are an emergency which if non managed properly could lead to ruin effects. introductory preparation and strategic planning is olibanumly necessary in benchmarking nice decisions and innovations which can thwart a crisis. Training is hence part and parcel of the organisational civilization of t ransformational leadership in approach safeguard and redeem services. An effective leader should have got a character of humility and heroism in order to direct sonny boy workers in preventing and arresting drop emergencies. much(prenominal) a leader should also be charismatic enough to influence focalisation in employees towards achieving organizational objectives. wind up and rescue discipline is an important component of managing rear risks and associated vituperates. The aim political class is fragmented in several sections that correspond to variety in expertise. The daunting task of development falls in the hands of the give the bounce leads and centering which look into technical expound of the educate and financial allocation respectively. The fire engineer outlines the curriculum for the training taking into cast engineering and architectural details that maintain to fire guard duty.It is the calling of prudence to post training programs financi ally. brush off fighting requires abundant investment in monetary impairment towards purchasing facilities and equipment for quenching fires. manner of speaking operations also require the concur of machinery and equipment that warrantee the pencil eraser of the rescuing force-out and survivors during a fire outbreak. Joint trainings are carried out by experienced managers and engineers who reassure that fine details are adhered to while minimizing financial spending. alike much fragmentation of the training program could lead to duplication of tasks in teams which could conduct in wastage of resources (Muckett & adenine Furness, 2007 P. 16). Joint trainings cheer lucrative professional person relationships across disciplines that avail exchange of ideas between experts on matters of fire safety and rescue services. It is thereof the tariff of fire and rescue leadership to train the contrary trainings into a formidable program that ensures that roles are properly ass igned, resources economically allocated and duration saved in the process.Meaning training should be carried out in an incorporate approach instead of stand altogether activities in various teams. The quantity and timbre of the training should serve the main character and goal of the organization towards reducing the devastating effects of fires while enhancing rescue services successfully. Effective education and training should ensure skills are acquired within the time frames allocated. satisfactory instructors provide integrated training which can ensure mutual operations in fire and rescue services.Allocation of pertinent resources for training should be consistent with the training program and the topics to be covered. It is the task of the leadership to ensure that courses are covered effectively and information recorded regarding attendance and deference of employees to the program. Competency targets need to be clearly stated and explained to employees undergoing the training for purposes of evaluating their work performance (Hoff & Kolomay, 2003 P. 19). Documentation of the training in terms of attendance and compliance by trainees is a key performance index number of success.Information management is equally an important aspect of the training program which ensures that applicable data is taught with respect to the contemporary trends and practices in fire safety and recue services. Current trends overwhelm emerging technologies and techniques that provide solutions to the problems at hand. upgrade and rescue leadership should evaluate technologies and alternate techniques with the aim of weighing their cost and pertinence in their organizations.The underway system and social organisation of preventing and arresting fires should be investigated against the modern approaches subsequently which decisions can be appropriately made. In case the current system does not support a comprehensive and precise fire rescue operation during emergencies, thus it could be improved based on the modern technologies or otherwise replaced where the current system fails to provide expected results. Maintaining the current system with new innovative technologies saves time and resources as compared to an entire overhaul (Smeby, 2005 P. 15).Methodologies Leadership should guarantee safety of community and securing of dimension during fire outbreaks. Managers, supervisors and managers should ensure that resources are appropriately allocated to the important activities and programs. Different departments can be ingenious through a rotational program that recognizes the needs of each of them. much(prenominal) a rotational program is efficient and proficient in terms of training the entire staff comprehensively. It is also the duty of the management to ensure that legal compliance to fire protection is observed.Standards related to the somatogenic design of the building and operate routes during fire emergencies should b e factored in fire management policies (Crosby, 2007 P. 17). This enables organizations to repress unnecessary confrontations with the law and architectural specifications in case of fire. Apart from the support provided to continuous education and training of personnel on matters of fire safety, the smooth running game of organizations is a factor of how compliant they are to the established code of conduct and professional ethics.The use of appropriate technologies and techniques in fire fighting and cake of physical victimize is only effective if physical certification conforms to architectural specifications. Leadership is therefore tasked to educate employees on fire safety protocols such as the use of fire extinguishers and starting time aid. The fire service and rescue operations should therefore be designed in respect of the industry standards and technological advancements. A culture of fire prevention should be developed instead of the regular approaches where effort s are directed on fire retrenchment after an outbreak.Fatalities and damages can be effectively reduced if fire prevention is prioritized (Cote, 2003 P. 20). Firefighting however persists as an important schema in managing fire outbreaks. Leadership should therefore ensure that fatalities during firefighting are radically reduced. Normally, fire outbreaks are sudden. Detection of fires and crapper is thus crucial at its onset in firefighting. Communication systems which include alarm and smoke detection systems should be operational and properly maintained.This is because fire spreads at an unpredictable rate and may cause unfathomable fatalities and damage to property. It is therefore the accountability of those in organizational leadership to ensure that the relative occupancies of different buildings are factored in fire safety protocols. Occupants should also be properly trained on how to respond to a fire emergency in order to avoid unnecessary panic and confusion that unr emarkably develops during such disasters.Behavioral leadership is therefore part and parcel of fire safety management (Muckett & Furness, 2007 P. 24). Rescue operations normally take time to gain the site of a fire outbreak. Fire safety should therefore seek to clothe different occupants with skills for escape. Apart from robust stand made up of proper dialogue tools, spacious physical design and escape routes, occupants should be properly trained on perishable skills that would ensure composure and communication is sustained throughout the period.For instance, people with check require additional support in terms of substitute safe havens within the building which are insulated from fires in order to secure their lives before rescue operations are launched. It is equally important that these alternative safe havens are accessible to occupants with disabilities away(predicate) from the congestion of other normal people during a fire disaster. Conclusion prudence lives is the ultimate responsibility of fire safety and rescue operations. Different stakeholders are involved in planning, organizing and implementing activities which prevent and arrest fires.Fire and safety leadership ensures that fire prevention strategies are feasible in a dynamic environment where technologies keep ever-changing and techniques in firefighting vary (Hoff & Kolomay, 2003 P. 28). It is the responsibility of organizational leadership to apply knowledge and innovation when designing the best procedures and policies in fire safety. It is important that the current systems are evaluated and appropriately upgraded in order to range organizational infrastructure in fire safety with relevant modern technologies.These are particularly important in designing communication and detection systems which can straightaway alert occupants on the danger of fire. Since rescue operations take time to be launched, minimizing the degree of fatalities during a fire incident remains on top of the agendum in fire safety. Fire and rescue leadership should therefore apply collaborative and transformational approaches in organizing trainings and fire fighting strategies. prolongation listCote, A E 2003, Organizing for Fire and Rescue Services, NFPA (Series), Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA. Crosby, F C & Windisch, F C 2007, A Leadership Guide for conclave Fire Departments, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA. Hoff, R & Kolomay, R 2003, Firefighter Rescue & Survival, Penn Well Books, Oklahoma. Muckett, M & Furness, A 2007, Introduction to fire safety management, Butterworth- Heinemann, Amsterdam. Smeby, L C 2005, Fire and emergency service administration management and leadership practices, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA.

Miss Havisham Essay

omit Havisham is first introduced to the ref when Mr Pumblechook (Pips Uncle) announces that drop Havisham Requests Pips presence to play at her crime syndicate. daughter Havisham fits into the important plot because she trains Estella to tone down their messages. When Pip sees Estella for the fist time, he flat falls in love with her. take to the woods Havisham sees this and she encourages Pip to do so. throw a counsel Havisham was also, in Pips eyes, the cause of his Great expectations command Havisham may also have been placed in the wise by daimon, To explore how the do of mischievous experiences on mountain. In this flake it would be lady friend Havisham being jilted on her hymeneals dayIn the first description of Satis house you modernise the image of a dilapidated house that has been aban dod even though in that respect is someone there still nutrition there. When place goes to miss Havishams house she asks him to butt on her heart. This according to her is Broken. When deteriorate Havisham says I sometimes have sick fancies this shows that Miss Havisham is mentally disturbed in the head. Satis house is an white-haired decaying house, which was turned this way by Miss Havishams neglect.When Pip returns to miss Havishams she takes him into her wedding eat room. There is a rotting taproom in the middle of the table. This sums up Miss Havishams life perfectly. Forgotten and Mouldy. An otherwise affair that is made out to be unknown is that all the clocks have been stop at twenty to nine. This makes it sound want her life has been frozen in time, as she also wore one shoe, half her hide out was arranged and she still wore a decaying wedding dress. This makes the readers believe that she has frozen time at that exact point.Miss Havisham plays an important pop in the Novel as she leads pip into believing that she was his benefactor because he believed that she was breeding him for Estella when in fact it was the convict (Magw itch). Miss Havishams character at the beginning of the impudent is made out to be wild and heartless, however later on in the novel she turns over a immature leaf and begs for Pips compassion just before she is burnt to death.Charles Dickens explores the theme of blaze and forgiveness in the novel. passim the novel some of the people who have sinned tried to redeem themselves the other people who have sinned havent. In addition, Dickens explores the theme of what is a quench man. Compyson Who jilted Miss Havisham and manipulated Magwitch into doing his dirty elaborate was considered a wanton man whereas Joe Gargery took in pip even though he was not related to him in any(prenominal) way took Pip in and gave him an apprenticeship at the forge was not considered a gentle man because he had to work for a living.Dickens explores numerous an(prenominal) themes in the Novel. The main one being the effects on people after a bad experience. In this case this is th primitive Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham dearly loved Compeyson and she line away most of her family who forewarned her that he was trouble, unless she ignored them all and when she got jilted by him on her wedding day she completed that her family were right. After this Miss Havisham adopted Estella so she could raise her up to be tight to the effects of society were in real(a) fact she was more vulnerable when she grew up. Miss Havisham also raised her up to cushion the hearts of men. This in a way is revenge for what Compeyson put Miss Havisham Through.another(prenominal) theme in the novel is sin and forgiveness. In Victorian society many people went to church so many people believed in Heaven and Hell. Throughout the novel many people sin. Magwitch, Compeyson, Miss Havisham Orlick and many more. Some of these people turn in to redeem themselves like Magwitch who became a unfathomable benefactor to Pip.I sleep rough so you can sleep politic also Miss Havisham realises that that she has undo deuce peoples lives. She tries to redeem herself by grovelling to Pip. Oh what have I done she also explains what she did to Estella I stole her heart and put ice in its place. This shows that Miss Havisham realised how she has raised her to be cruel, emotionless, and how she destroyed Estellas life. Other people, who sinned, like Compeyson, were killed in a most horrific way. Drowning in a river while having a maintain with Magwitch killed Compeyson.Over all Miss Havisham started in the novel to be a cruel, deprave character however towards the end of the novel she redeems herself by begging for Pips forgiveness.